Process for producing dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a process for producing a dipeptide or a dipeptide derivative using a phosphate donor, a substance selected from the group consisting of adenosine-5′-monophosphate, adenosine-5′-diphosphate and adenosine-5′-triphosphate, one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives, and as enzyme sources, a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture, and a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form the dipeptide or dipeptide derivative from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture.

This application is a continuation of application No. 11/165,226 filed Jun. 24, 2005, which in turn is claims benefit of Japanese Application No. 2004-189007 filed Jun. 25, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for efficiently producing dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives from amino acids or amino acid derivatives.

Chemical synthesis methods (liquid phase method and solid phase method), enzymatic synthesis methods and biological synthesis methods utilizing recombinant DNA techniques are known as the methods for large-scale peptide synthesis. Currently, the enzymatic synthesis methods and biological synthesis methods are employed for the synthesis of long-chain peptides longer than 50 residues, and the chemical synthesis methods and enzymatic synthesis methods are mainly employed for the synthesis of dipeptides.

In the synthesis of dipeptides by the chemical synthesis methods, operations such as introduction and removal of protective groups for functional groups are necessary, and racemates are also formed. The chemical synthesis methods are thus considered to be disadvantageous in respect of cost and efficiency. They are unfavorable also from the viewpoint of environmental hygiene because of the use of large amounts of organic solvents and the like.

As to the synthesis of dipeptides by the enzymatic methods, the following methods are known: a method utilizing reverse reaction of protease (J. Biol. Chem., 119, 707-720 (1937)); methods utilizing thermostable aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 146539/83, Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 209991/83, Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 209992/83 and Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 106298/84); and methods utilizing non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (hereinafter referred to as NRPS) (Chem. Biol., 7, 373-384 (2000), FEBS Lett., 498, 42-45 (2001), U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,738 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,116).

However, the method utilizing reverse reaction of protease requires introduction and removal of protective groups for functional groups of amino acids used as substrates, which causes difficulties in raising the efficiency of peptide-forming reaction and in preventing peptidolytic reaction. The methods utilizing thermostable aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase have the defects that the expression of the enzyme and the prevention of side reactions forming by-products other than the desired products are difficult. The methods utilizing NRPS are inefficient because NRPS requires adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) for reaction and it is necessary to add a large amount of ATP to the reaction system.

A group of peptide synthetases such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthetase, D-alanyl-D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala) ligase and poly-γ-glutamate synthetase are also known as proteins having dipeptide-synthesizing activity. However, most of these enzymes utilize D-amino acids as substrates or catalyze peptide bond formation at the γ-carboxyl group. Because of such properties, they can not be used for the synthesis of dipeptides by peptide bond formation at the α-carboxyl group of L-amino acid.

The only known example of an enzyme capable of dipeptide synthesis by the activity to form a peptide bond at the α-carboxyl group of L-amino acid is bacilysin (dipeptide antibiotic derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus) synthetase. Bacilysin synthetase is known to have the activity to synthesize bacilysin [L-alanyl-L-anticapsin (L-Ala-L-anticapsin)] and L-alanyl-L-alanine (L-Ala-L-Ala), but there is no information about its activity to synthesize other dipeptides (J. Ind. Microbiol., 2, 201-208 (1987) and Enzyme. Microbial. Technol., 29, 400-406 (2001)).

As for the bacilysin biosynthetase genes in Bacillus subtilis 168 whose entire genome information has been clarified (Nature, 390, 249-256 (1997)), it is known that the productivity of bacilysin is increased by amplification of bacilysin operons containing ORFs ywfA-F (WO00/03009 pamphlet). However, it is not known whether an ORF encoding a protein having the activity to ligate two or more amino acids by peptide bond is contained in these ORFs, and if contained, which ORF encodes the protein.

It is reported that a protein bearing no similarity to NRPS (albC gene product) is responsible for the synthesis of the cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine) structure in Streptomyces noursei ATCC 11455 known as a strain producing the antibiotic albonoursin and that albonoursin was detected when cyclo dipeptide oxidase was made to act on the culture liquor of Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans into which the albC gene was introduced (Chemistry & Biol., 9, 1355-1364 (2002)). However, there is no report that the albC gene product forms a straight-chain dipeptide.

As to the method of supplying ATP, which is an energy source in various enzyme reactions, regeneration of ATP from ADP utilizing the glycolytic pathway and regeneration of ATP from ADP utilizing polyphosphate kinase and polyphosphoric acid (Agric. Biol. Chem., 52, 1471-1477 (1988), Biotech. Appl. Biochem., 10, 107-117 (1988) and Biotech. Appl. Biochem., 15, 125-133 (1992)) are known. The system of regenerating ATP from ADP utilizing the glycolytic pathway is present in all the microorganisms having the glycolytic pathway. Polyphosphate kinase capable of regenerating ATP from ADP utilizing polyphosphoric acid is known to be widely present in bacteria (Agric. Biol. Chem., 52(6), 1471-1477 (1988), Biotech. Appl. Biochem., 10, 107-117 (1988), Biotech. Appl. Biochem., 15, 125-133 (1992) and J. Biol. Chem., 267, 22556-22561 (1992)), yeast (J. Biol. Chem., 234, 2595-2604 (1959) and Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 83, 259-267 (1959)), plants (Biochem. J., 124, 407-417 (1971)) and animals (Biochem. J., 75, 417-428 (1960)).

However, it is not known that dipeptides can be efficiently produced by combining dipeptide-forming reaction requiring ATP and ATP-regenerating reaction utilizing polyphosphate kinase and polyphosphoric acid.

An object of the present invention is to provide a process for efficiently producing dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the following (1) to (34).

-   (1) A process for producing a dipeptide or a dipeptide derivative     (hereinafter referred to as dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI),     which comprises:     -   allowing (i) a phosphate donor, (ii) a substance selected from         the group consisting of adenosine-5′-monophosphate (hereinafter         abbreviated as AMP), adenosine-5′-diphosphate (hereinafter         abbreviated as ADP) and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (hereinafter         abbreviated as ATP), (iii) a protein having polyphosphate kinase         activity, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce         the protein or a treated matter of the culture, (iv) a protein         having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or         dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or         amino acid derivatives, or a culture of cells having the ability         to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture         and (v) one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid         derivatives to be present in an aqueous medium;     -   allowing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI to form and         accumulate in the aqueous medium; and     -   recovering dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from the aqueous         medium. -   (2) A process for producing a dipeptide or a dipeptide derivative     (hereinafter referred to as dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII),     which comprises:     -   allowing (i) a phosphate donor, (ii) a substance selected from         the group consisting of AMP, ADP and ATP, (iii) a protein having         polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the         ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the         culture, (iv) a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently         form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds         of amino acids or amino acid derivatives, or a culture of cells         having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of         the culture and (v) one or more kinds of amino acids or amino         acid derivatives to be present in an aqueous medium;     -   allowing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI to form and         accumulate in the aqueous medium; subjecting dipeptide or         dipeptide derivative PI, as such or after recovery, to         modification to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII; and     -   recovering dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII. -   (3) The process according to the above (1) or (2), wherein the     protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or     dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or     amino acid derivatives is a protein selected from the group     consisting of the following [1] to [8]:     -   [1] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ         ID NOS: 1 to 13;     -   [2] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one         or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in         the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13 and         having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or         dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or         amino acid derivatives;     -   [3] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65%         or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ         ID NOS: 1 to 13 and having the activity to ATP-dependently form         dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of         amino acids or amino acid derivatives;     -   [4] a protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or         more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27         and having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or         dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or         amino acid derivatives;     -   [5] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:         47 or 48;     -   [6] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one         or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in         the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48 and having         the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide         derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino         acid derivatives;     -   [7] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65%         or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:         47 or 48 and having the activity to ATP-dependently form         dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of         amino acids or amino acid derivatives; and     -   [8] a protein having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase         (hereinafter referred to as NRPS) activity. -   (4) The process according to any of the above (1) to (3), wherein     the cells having the ability to produce the protein having the     activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative     PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives     are cells carrying DNA selected from the group consisting of the     following [1] to [6]:     -   [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID         NOS: 14 to 26 and 46;     -   [2] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence         complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID         NOS: 14 to 26 and 46 under stringent conditions and which         encodes a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form         dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of         amino acids or amino acid derivatives;     -   [3] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence         complementary to the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 28 and         encoding a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form         dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of         amino acids or amino acid derivatives;     -   [4] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 49 or         50;     -   [5] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence         complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 49         or 50 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein         having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or         dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or         amino acid derivatives; and     -   [6] DNA encoding a protein having NRPS activity. -   (5) The process according to any of the above (1) to (4), wherein     the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity is a protein     selected from the group consisting of the following [1] to [3]:     -   [1] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ         ID NOS: 124 to 131;     -   [2] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one         or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in         the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 124 to 131         and having polyphosphate kinase activity; and     -   [3] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65%         or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ         ID NOS: 124 to 131 and having polyphosphate kinase activity. -   (6) The process according to any of the above (1) to (5), wherein     the cells having the ability to produce the protein having     polyphosphate kinase activity are cells carrying DNA according to     the following [1] or [2]:     -   [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID         NOS: 116 to 123;     -   [2] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence         complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID         NOS: 116 to 123 under stringent conditions and which encodes a         protein having polyphosphate kinase activity. -   (7) The process according to any of the above (1) to (6), wherein     the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino acids or amino     acid derivatives represented by formula (I):

-   -   (wherein n¹ represents an integer of 1 to 3;     -   R^(1a) and R^(1b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkanoyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl, substituted         or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aroyl, or         either R^(1a) or R^(1b) may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, the         carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and either R^(2a) or         R^(2b) on the carbon atom; and     -   R^(2a) and R^(2b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(2a) or R^(2b) on the carbon atom adjacent to         R^(1a)R^(1b)N may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent carbon atom, the         nitrogen atom adjacent to the carbon atom and either R^(1a) or         R^(1b), and when n¹ is 2 or 3, two or three R^(2a)s and two or         three R^(2b)s may be the same or different, respectively),     -   or formula (II):

-   -   [wherein n² has the same significance as the above n¹;     -   R^(3a) and R^(3b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(3a) or R^(3b) on the carbon atom adjacent to         R⁴HN may form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group         together with the adjacent carbon atom, the nitrogen atom         adjacent to the carbon atom and R⁴, and when n² is 2 or 3, two         or three R^(3a)s and two or three R^(3b)s may be the same or         different, respectively;     -   R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aroyl, or R⁴ may form a substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclic group together with the adjacent         nitrogen atom, the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and         either R^(3a) or R^(3b) on the carbon atom; and     -   R⁵ represents amino, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkoxy, mono(substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl)amino,         di(substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl)amino, or an         alicyclic heterocyclic group],     -   provided that when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives         are amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula         (I), at least one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is a hydrogen atom, and         when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino         acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (II), R⁵         is hydroxy.

-   (8) The process according to any of the above (1) to (6), wherein     the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino acids or amino     acid derivatives represented by formula (III):

-   -   (wherein R^(1c) and R^(1d), which may be the same or different,         each represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aroyl; and     -   R^(2c) and R^(2d), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom or substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl),     -   or formula (IV):

-   -   (wherein R^(3c) and R^(3d), which may be the same or different,         each represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, or         substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and     -   R⁵ has the same significance as defined above), provided that         when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino         acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (III), at         least one of R^(1c) and R^(1d) is a hydrogen atom, and when all         the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino acids or         amino acid derivatives represented by formula (IV), R⁵ is         hydroxy.

-   (9) The process according to any of the above (1) to (6), wherein     the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino acids or amino     acid derivatives represented by formula (V):

-   -   (wherein R^(2e) represents substituted or unsubstituted methyl),     -   or formula (VI):

-   -   (wherein R^(3e) represents substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aryl).

-   (10) The process according to any of the above (1) to (6), wherein     the amino acids or amino acid derivatives are amino acids selected     from the group consisting of L-amino acids, glycine and β-alanine,     or derivatives thereof.

-   (11) The process according to the above (10), wherein the L-amino     acid is an L-amino acid selected from the group consisting of     L-alanine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-valine, L-leucine,     L-isoleucine, L-proline, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan,     L-methionine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, L-asparagine,     L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-aspartic acid,     L-α-aminobutyric acid, L-azaserine, L-theanine, L-4-hydroxyproline,     L-3-hydroxyproline, L-ornithine, L-citrulline and     L-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine.

-   (12) The process according to any of the above (1) to (7), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (VIIa):

-   -   [wherein n^(3a) and n^(4a) each have the same significance as         the above n¹;     -   R^(6a) and R^(6b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkanoyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl, substituted         or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aroyl, or         either R^(6a) or R^(6b) may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, the         carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and either R^(7a) or         R^(7b) on the carbon atom;     -   R^(7a) and R^(7b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(7a) or R^(7b) on the carbon atom adjacent to         R^(6a)R^(6b)N may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent carbon atom, the         nitrogen atom adjacent to the carbon atom and either R^(6a) or         R^(6b), and when n^(3a) is 2 or 3, two or three R^(7a)s and two         or three R^(7b)s may be the same or different, respectively;     -   R^(8a) represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aroyl, or R^(8a) may form a substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclic group together with the adjacent         nitrogen atom, the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and         bound to R^(9a) and R^(9b), and either R^(9a) or R^(9b) on the         carbon atom;     -   R^(9a) and R^(9b), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(9a) or R^(9b) on the carbon atom adjacent to         —R^(8a)N— may form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         group together with the adjacent carbon atom, the nitrogen atom         adjacent to the carbon atom and R^(8a), and when n^(4a) is 2 or         3, two or three R^(9a)s and two or three R^(9b)s may be the same         or different, respectively; and     -   R^(10a) represents amino, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkoxy, mono(substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl)amino, di(substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl)amino,         or an alicyclic heterocyclic group].

-   (13) The process according to any of the above (1) to (7), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (VIIb):

-   -   (wherein n^(3A) and n^(4A) each have the same significance as         the above n¹;     -   R^(6A) and R^(6B), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl, substituted         or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkanoyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl, substituted         or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aroyl, or         either R^(6A) or R^(6B) may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, the         carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and either R^(7A) or         R^(7B) on the carbon atom;     -   R^(7A) and R^(7B), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(7A) or R^(7B) on the carbon atom adjacent to         R^(6A)R^(6B)N may form a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclic group together with the adjacent carbon atom, the         nitrogen atom adjacent to the carbon atom and either R^(6A) or         R^(6B), and when n^(3A) is 2 or 3, two or three R^(7A)s and two         or three R^(7B)s may be the same or different, respectively;     -   R^(8A) represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aroyl, or R^(8A) may form a substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclic group together with the adjacent         nitrogen atom, the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and         bound to R^(9A) and R^(9B), and either R^(9A) or R^(9B) on the         carbon atom;     -   R^(9A) and R^(9B), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         alkyl, or either R^(9A) or R^(9B) on the carbon atom adjacent to         —R^(8A)N— may form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic         group together with the adjacent carbon atom, the nitrogen atom         adjacent to the carbon atom and R^(8A), and when n^(4A) is 2 or         3, two or three R^(9A)s and two or three R^(9B)s may be the same         or different, respectively; and     -   R^(10A) has the same significance as the above R^(10a)).

-   (14) The process according to any of the above (1) to (8), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (VIIIa):

-   -   (wherein R^(6c) and R^(6d), which may be the same or different,         each represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted         lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkenyl,         substituted or unsubstituted lower alkynyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aroyl;     -   R^(7c) and R^(7d), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom or substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl;     -   R^(9c) and R^(9d), which may be the same or different, each         represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted lower         alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aryl; and     -   R^(10a) has the same significance as defined above).

-   (15) The process according to any of the above (1) to (8), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (VIIIb):

-   -   (wherein R^(6C), R^(6D), R^(7C), R^(7D), R^(9C) and R^(9D) have         the same significances as the above R^(6c), R^(6d), R^(7c),         R^(7d), R^(9c) and R^(9d), respectively; and     -   R^(10A) has the same significance as defined above).

-   (16) The process according to any of the above (1) to (9), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (IXa):

-   -   (wherein R^(7e) represents substituted or unsubstituted methyl;         and     -   R^(9e) represents substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, or substituted or         unsubstituted aryl).

-   (17) The process according to any of the above (1) to (9), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII is a dipeptide or a dipeptide     derivative represented by formula (IXb):

-   -   (wherein R^(7E) and R^(9E) have the same significances as the         above R^(7e) and R^(9e), respectively).

-   (18) The process according to any of the above (1) to (10), wherein     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI or dipeptide or dipeptide     derivative PII is a dipeptide or a dipeptide derivative in which the     same or different amino acids or amino acid derivatives selected     from the group consisting of L-amino acids, glycine, β-alanine and     their derivatives are linked with each other by peptide bond.

-   (19) The process according to the above (18), wherein the L-amino     acid is an L-amino acid selected from the group consisting of     L-alanine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-valine, L-leucine,     L-isoleucine, L-proline, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan,     L-methionine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, L-asparagine,     L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-aspartic acid,     L-α-aminobutyric acid, L-azaserine, L-theanine, L-4-hydroxyproline,     L-3-hydroxyproline, L-ornithine, L-citrulline and     L-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine.

-   (20) The process according to any of the above (1) to (19), wherein     the cells are cells of a microorganism.

-   (21) The process according to the above (20), wherein the     microorganism is a procaryote.

-   (22) The process according to the above (21), wherein the procaryote     is a microorganism in which the activities of one or more kinds of     peptidases and one or more kinds of proteins having     peptide-permeating/transporting activity (hereinafter referred to     also as peptide-permeating/transporting proteins) are reduced or     lost.

-   (23) The process according to the above (21), wherein the procaryote     is a microorganism in which the activities of three or more kinds of     peptidases are reduced or lost.

-   (24) The process according to the above (22) or (23), wherein the     peptidase is a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any     of SEQ ID NOS: 55 to 58, or a protein having an amino acid sequence     which has 80% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in     any of SEQ ID NOS: 55 to 58 and having peptidase activity.

-   (25) The process according to the above (22) or (24), wherein the     peptide-permeating/transporting protein is a protein having the     amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 59 to 63, or a     protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more homology     to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 59 to 63 and     having peptide-permeating/transporting activity.

-   (26) The process according to any of the above (21) to (25), wherein     the procaryote is a microorganism belonging to the genus     Escherichia, Bacillus or Corynebacterium.

-   (27) The process according to the above (26), wherein the     microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Bacillus or     Corynebacterium is Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum,     Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium lactofermentum,     Corynebacterium flavum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Bacillus subtilis     or Bacillus megaterium.

-   (28) The process according to any of the above (1) to (27), wherein     the treated matter of the culture is a treated matter which is     selected from the group consisting of heat-treated culture,     concentrated culture, dried culture, cells obtained by centrifuging     the culture, products obtained by subjecting the cells to heat     treatment, drying, freeze-drying, treatment with a surfactant,     ultrasonication, mechanical friction, treatment with a solvent,     enzymatic treatment, protein fractionation and immobilization, and     an enzyme preparation obtained by extracting the cells, and which     has the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide     derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid     derivatives, or polyphosphate kinase activity.

-   (29) The process according to the above (28), wherein the     heated-treated culture or cells are those in which the     dipeptide-hydrolyzing enzyme activity of the culture or cells is     reduced or lost.

-   (30) A protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID     NOS: 9 to 13.

-   (31) A DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID     NOS: 22 to 26.

-   (32) A recombinant DNA which is obtained by ligating the DNA     according to the above (31) to a vector DNA.

-   (33) A cell carrying the recombinant DNA according to the above     (32).

-   (34) A process for producing the protein according to the above     (30), which comprises culturing the cells according to the     above (33) in a medium, allowing the protein to form and accumulate     in the culture, and recovering the protein from the culture.

In accordance with the present invention, dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives can be efficiently produced from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the steps for constructing plasmid pPE43.

FIG. 2 shows the steps for constructing plasmid pQE60ywfE.

FIG. 3 shows the steps for constructing pAL-nou and pAL-alb, which are plasmid vectors for the expression of proteins having the activity to synthesize a straight-chain dipeptide.

FIG. 4 shows the steps for constructing ywfE gene expression-enhanced vector pPE56.

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS

-   ywfE: ywfE gene derived from Bacillus subtilis 168 -   Ptrp: Tryptophan promoter gene -   PT5: T5 promoter -   Amp^(r): Ampicillin resistance gene -   lacI^(q): Lactose repressor gene -   albC: albC gene or albC-analogous gene

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

-   1. Proteins Having the Activity to ATP-Dependently Form Dipeptide or     Dipeptide Derivative PI from One or More Kinds of Amino Acids or     Amino Acid Derivatives Used in the Present Invention

The proteins having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives (hereinafter referred to also as proteins having the dipeptide-forming activity) used in the present invention may be of any origin and may be prepared by any methods, so far as they have this activity. Examples of such proteins include proteins of the following [1] to [8]:

-   [1] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID     NOS: 1 to 13; -   [2] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or     more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the     amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13 and having     the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide     derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid     derivatives; -   [3] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65% or     more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     1 to 13 and having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or     dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or     amino acid derivatives; -   [4] a protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more     homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 and     having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide     derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid     derivatives; -   [5] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47     or 48; -   [6] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or     more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the     amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48 and having the     activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative     PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives; -   [7] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65% or     more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47 or     48 and having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or     dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or     amino acid derivatives; and -   [8] a protein having NRPS activity.

Examples of the proteins having NRPS activity include a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 53, a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 53 and having NRPS activity, and a protein having an amino acid sequence which has 65% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 53 and having NRPS activity.

The above protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added and having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives can be obtained, for example, by introducing a site-directed mutation into DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53, by site-directed mutagenesis described in Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001) (hereinafter referred to as Molecular Cloning, Third Edition); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1987-1997) (hereinafter referred to as Current Protocols in Molecular Biology); Nucleic Acids Research, 10, 6487 (1982); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 6409 (1982); Gene, 34, 315 (1985); Nucleic Acids Research, 13, 4431 (1985); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 488 (1985), etc.

The number of amino acid residues which are deleted, substituted or added is not specifically limited, but is within the range where deletion, substitution or addition is possible by known methods such as the above site-directed mutagenesis. The suitable number is 1 to dozens, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, further preferably 1 to 5.

The expression “one or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53” means that the amino acid sequence may contain deletion, substitution or addition of a single or plural amino acid residues at an arbitrary position therein.

Amino acid residues that may be substituted are, for example, those which are not conserved in all of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47 and 48 when the sequences are compared using known alignment software. An example of known alignment software is alignment analysis software contained in gene analysis software Genetyx (Software Development Co., Ltd.). As analysis parameters for the analysis software, default values can be used.

Deletion or addition of amino acid residues may be contained, for example, in the N-terminal region or the C-terminal region of the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53.

Deletion, substitution and addition may be simultaneously contained in one sequence, and amino acids to be substituted or added may be either natural or not. Examples of the natural amino acids are L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-valine and L-cysteine.

The following are examples of the amino acids capable of mutual substitution. The amino acids in the same group can be mutually substituted.

-   Group A: leucine, isoleucine, norleucine, valine, norvaline,     alanine, 2-aminobutanoic acid, methionine, O-methylserine,     t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, cyclohexylalanine -   Group B: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoaspartic acid, isoglutamic     acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 2-aminosuberic acid -   Group C: asparagine, glutamine -   Group D: lysine, arginine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid,     2,3-diaminopropionic acid -   Group E: proline, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline -   Group F: serine, threonine, homoserine -   Group G: phenylalanine, tyrosine

In order that the protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53 may have the dipeptide-forming activity, it is desirable that the homology of its amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53, preferably SEQ ID NO: 1, 47 or 53, is 65% or more, preferably 75% or more, more preferably 85% or more, further preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, and most preferably 98% or more.

The homology among amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences can be determined by using algorithm BLAST by Karlin and Altschul [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 5873 (1993)] and FASTA [Methods Enzymol., 183, 63 (1990)]. On the basis of the algorithm BLAST, programs such as BLASTN and BLASTX have been developed [J. Mol. Biol., 215, 403 (1990)]. When a nucleotide sequence is analyzed by BLASTN on the basis of BLAST, the parameters, for instance, are as follows: score=100 and wordlength=12. When an amino acid sequence is analyzed by BLASTX on the basis of BLAST, the parameters, for instance, are as follows: score=50 and wordlength=3. When BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs are used, default parameters of each program are used. The specific techniques for these analyses are known (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.).

A protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65% or more, preferably 75% or more, more preferably 85% or more, further preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48 and 53, preferably SEQ ID NO: 1, 47 or 53, and having the dipeptide-forming activity is also included in the proteins used in the present invention. The homology among amino acid sequences can be determined by using BLAST or FASTA as described above.

The amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 is a region conserved among the proteins having the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 7 and is also a region corresponding to the consensus sequence of proteins having Ala-Ala ligase activity derived from various microorganisms.

A protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, further preferably 95% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 and having the dipeptide-forming activity is also included in the proteins used in the present invention.

In order that the protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, further preferably 95% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 may have the dipeptide-forming activity, it is desirable that the homology of its amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 8 is at least 80% or more, usually 90% or more, and particularly 95% or more.

The homology among amino acid sequences can be determined by using BLAST or FASTA as described above.

It is possible to confirm that the protein used in the present invention is a protein having the dipeptide-forming activity, for example, in the following manner. That is, a transformant expressing the protein used in the present invention is prepared by recombinant DNA techniques, the protein used in the present invention is produced using the transformant, and then the protein, one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives and ATP are allowed to be present in an aqueous medium, followed by HPLC analysis or the like to know whether dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI is formed and accumulated in the aqueous medium.

-   2. Proteins Having Polyphosphate Kinase Activity Used in the Present     Invention

The proteins having polyphosphate kinase activity used in the present invention may be of any origin and may be prepared by any methods, so far as they have this activity. Examples of such proteins include proteins of the following [1] to [3]:

-   [1] a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID     NOS: 124 to 131; -   [2] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence wherein one or     more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the     amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 124 to 131 and     having polyphosphate kinase activity; and -   [3] a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence which has 65% or     more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     124 to 131 and having polyphosphate kinase activity.

The above amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residues are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 124 to 131 and the above amino acid sequence which has 65% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 124 to 131 are amino acid sequences having the same definitions as in the above 1 except that the proteins having the sequences have polyphosphate kinase activity.

It is possible to confirm that the protein used in the present invention is a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, for example, in the following manner. That is, a transformant expressing the protein used in the present invention is prepared by recombinant DNA techniques, the protein used in the present invention is produced using the transformant, and then the protein, ADP and polyphosphoric acid are allowed to be present in an aqueous medium, followed by HPLC analysis or the like to know whether ATP is formed and accumulated in the aqueous medium.

-   3. Dnas Encoding the Proteins Having the Activity to Form Dipeptide     or Dipeptide Derivative PI from One or More Kinds of Amino Acids or     Amino Acid Derivatives Used in the Present Invention

Examples of the DNAs encoding the proteins having the activity to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives used in the present invention (hereinafter referred to as DNAs encoding the proteins having the dipeptide-forming activity) include DNAs of the following [1] to [6]:

-   [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     14 to 26 and 46; -   [2] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence     complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     14 to 26 and 46 under stringent conditions and which encodes a     protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or     dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or     amino acid derivatives; -   [3] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence     complementary to the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 28 and     encoding a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino     acids or amino acid derivatives; -   [4] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 49 or 50; -   [5] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence     complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 49 or     50 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having the     activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative     PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives;     and -   [6] DNA encoding a protein having NRPS activity.

Examples of the DNAs encoding the proteins having NRPS activity include DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 54, and DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 54 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having NRPS activity.

The above DNA capable of hybridization under stringent conditions refers to DNA which is obtained by colony hybridization, plaque hybridization, Southern blot hybridization, or the like using a part or the whole of the DNA having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 28, 46, 49, 50 and 54 as a probe. A specific example of such DNA is DNA which can be identified by performing hybridization at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0 mol/l, preferably 0.9 mol/l sodium chloride using a filter with colony- or plaque-derived DNA immobilized thereon, and then washing the filter at 65° C. with a 0.1 to 2-fold conc., preferably 0.1-fold conc. SSC solution (1-fold conc. SSC solution: 150 mmol/l sodium chloride and 15 mmol/l sodium citrate). Hybridization can be carried out according to the methods described in Molecular Cloning, Third Edition; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; DNA Cloning 1: Core Techniques, A Practical Approach, Second Edition, Oxford University (1995), etc. Specifically, the hybridizable DNA includes DNA having at least 75% or more homology, preferably 85% or more homology, further preferably 90% or more homology, particularly preferably 95% or more homology to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 28, 46, 49, 50 and 54 as calculated by use of BLAST or FASTA described above based on the above parameters.

It is possible to confirm that the DNA which hybridizes with DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 28, 46, 49, 50 and 54 under stringent conditions is DNA encoding a protein having the dipeptide-forming activity, for example, by producing a protein encoded by the DNA by recombinant DNA techniques and measuring the activity of the protein as described above.

-   4. DNAs Encoding the Proteins Having Polyphosphate Kinase Activity     Used in the Present Invention

Examples of the DNAs encoding the proteins having polyphosphate kinase activity used in the present invention include DNAs of the following [1] and [2]:

-   [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     116 to 123; and -   [2] DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence     complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS:     116 to 123 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein     having polyphosphate kinase activity.

The DNA which hybridizes with DNA having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity is DNA having the same definition as in the above 3 except that the protein encoded by the DNA has polyphosphate kinase activity.

It is possible to confirm that the DNA which hybridizes with DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123 under stringent conditions is DNA encoding a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, for example, by producing a protein encoded by the DNA by recombinant DNA techniques and measuring the activity of the protein as described above.

-   5. Proteins of the Present Invention

The proteins of the present invention include proteins having the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 9 to 13.

-   6 DNAs of the Present Invention

The DNAs of the present invention include DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 22 to 26.

-   7. Preparation of DNA Encoding the Protein Having the Activity to     ATP-dependently Form Dipeptide or Dipeptide Derivative PI from One     or More Kinds of Amino Acids or Amino Acid Derivatives and DNA     Encoding the Protein Having Polyphosphate Kinase Activity

The DNA encoding the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity can be obtained by Southern hybridization of a chromosomal DNA library from a microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus or Streptomyces using a probe designed based on the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 46, 49, 50 and 54, or by PCR [PCR Protocols, Academic Press (1990)] using primer DNAs designed based on the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 46, 49, 50 and 54 and, as a template, the chromosomal DNA of a microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus or Streptomyces. The DNA encoding the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity can be obtained by Southern hybridization of a chromosomal DNA library from a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus, Mesorhizobium, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas or Sinorhizobium using a probe designed based on the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123, or by PCR using primer DNAs designed based on the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123 and, as a template, the chromosomal DNA of a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus, Mesorhizobium, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas or Sinorhizobium.

The DNA used in the present invention can also be obtained by conducting a search through various gene sequence databases for a sequence having 75% or more homology, preferably 85% or more homology, more preferably 90% or more homology, further preferably 95% or more homology, particularly preferably 98% or more homology to the nucleotide sequence of DNA encoding the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 46, 49, 50 and 54, or in any of SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123, and obtaining the desired DNA, based on the nucleotide sequence obtained by the search, from a chromosomal DNA or cDNA library of an organism having the nucleotide sequence according to the above-described method.

The obtained DNA, as such or after cleavage with appropriate restriction enzymes, is inserted into a vector by a conventional method, and the obtained recombinant DNA is introduced into a host cell. Then, the nucleotide sequence of the DNA can be determined by a conventional sequencing method such as the dideoxy method [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 74, 5463 (1977)] or by using a nucleotide sequencer such as 373A DNA Sequencer (Perkin-Elmer Corp.).

In cases where the obtained DNA is found to be a partial DNA by the analysis of nucleotide sequence, the full length DNA can be obtained by Southern hybridization of a chromosomal DNA library using the partial DNA as a probe.

It is also possible to prepare the desired DNA by chemical synthesis using a DNA synthesizer (e.g., Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems) based on the determined nucleotide sequence of the DNA.

Examples of the DNAs that can be obtained by the above-described method are DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 26, 46, 49, 50 and 54, which are DNAs encoding the proteins having the dipeptide-forming activity, and DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123, which are DNAs encoding the proteins having polyphosphate kinase activity.

Examples of the vectors for inserting the DNA used in the production process of the present invention include pBluescriptII KS(+) (Stratagene), pDIRECT [Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 6069 (1990)], pCR-Script Amp SK(+) (Stratagene), pT7 Blue (Novagen, Inc.), pCR II (Invitrogen Corp.) and pCR-TRAP (Genhunter Corp.).

As the host cell, microorganisms belonging to the genus Escherichia, etc. can be used. Examples of the microorganisms belonging to the genus Escherichia include Escherichia coli XL1-Blue, Escherichia coli XL2-Blue, Escherichia coli DH1, Escherichia coli MC1000, Escherichia coli KY3276, Escherichia coli W1485, Escherichia coli JM109, Escherichia coli HB101, Escherichia coli No. 49, Escherichia coli W3110, Escherichia coli NY49, Escherichia coli MP347, Escherichia coli NM522 and Escherichia coli ME8415.

Introduction of the recombinant DNA can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into the above host cells, for example, the method using calcium ion [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972)], the protoplast method (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 248394/88) and electroporation [Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 6127 (1988)].

Examples of the microorganisms carrying the DNAs used in the production process of the present invention obtained by the above method are Escherichia coli NM522/pPE43, which is a microorganism carrying a recombinant DNA comprising DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, and Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1, which is a microorganism carrying a recombinant DNA comprising DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 122.

-   8. Preparation of Cells Used in the Present Invention -   (1) The cells used in the present invention include cells having the     ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming     activity, cells having the ability to produce the protein having     polyphosphate kinase activity, and cells having the ability to     produce both the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity and     the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity.

Examples of the cells having the ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity include bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus or Streptomyces which carry the DNA of the above 3 on the chromosomal DNA, preferably, bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus which have bacilysin-synthesizing activity and bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces which have the ability to produce albonoursin, more preferably, bacteria belonging to a species selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Streptomyces albulus and Streptomyces noursei, further preferably, bacteria selected from the group consisting of the strains Bacillus subtilis ATCC 15245, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus subtilis IAM 1213, Bacillus subtilis IAM 1107, Bacillus subtilis IAM 1214, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9466, Bacillus subtilis IAM 1033, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21555, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IFO 3022, Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-12025, Streptomyces noursei IFO 15452 and Streptomyces albulus IFO 14147, and transformants that can be prepared by introducing DNA obtained by the method of the above 3 into host cells using the methods described in Molecular Cloning, Third Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, etc., for example, according to the method described below.

Examples of the cells having the ability to produce the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity include bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus, Mesorhizobium, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas or Sinorhizobium which carry the DNA of the above 4 on the chromosomal DNA, more preferably, bacteria selected from the group consisting of the strains Escherichia coli W3110, Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023, Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366, Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471, Pseudomonas putida KT 2440 and Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124, and transformants that can be prepared by introducing DNA obtained by the method of the above 4 into host cells using the methods described in Molecular Cloning, Third Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, etc., for example, according to the method described below.

The above transformants can be prepared, for example, by the following method.

On the basis of the DNA of the above 3 or 4, a DNA fragment of an appropriate length comprising a region encoding the protein used in the present invention is prepared according to need. Cells with enhanced productivity of the protein can be obtained by replacing a nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of the region encoding the protein so as to make a codon most suitable for the expression in a host cell.

The DNA fragment is inserted downstream of a promoter in an appropriate expression vector to prepare a recombinant DNA.

A transformant producing the protein of the present invention can be obtained by introducing the recombinant DNA into a host cell suited for the expression vector.

As the host cell, any cells that are capable of expressing the desired gene can be used. Suitable cells include cells of microorganisms such as procaryotes and yeast, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc., preferably microorganisms, more preferably procaryotes, further preferably bacteria.

The expression vectors that can be employed are those capable of autonomous replication or integration into the chromosome in the above host cells and comprising a promoter at a position appropriate for the transcription of the DNA of the present invention or the DNA used in the production process of the present invention.

When a procaryote such as a bacterium is used as the host cell, it is preferred that the recombinant DNA comprising the DNA used in the present invention is a recombinant DNA which is capable of autonomous replication in the procaryote and which comprises a promoter, a ribosome binding sequence, the DNA of the present invention or the DNA used in the production process of the present invention, and a transcription termination sequence. The recombinant DNA may further comprise a gene regulating the promoter.

Examples of suitable expression vectors are pBTrp2, pBTac1 and pBTac2 (products of Boehringer Mannheim GmbH), pHelix1 (Roche Diagnostics Corp.), pKK233-2 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), pSE280 (Invitrogen Corp.), pGEMEX-1 (Promega Corp.), pQE-8 (Qiagen, Inc.), pET-3 (Novagen, Inc.), pKYP10 (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 110600/83), pKYP200 [Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 669 (1984)], pLSA1 [Agric. Biol. Chem., 53, 277 (1989)], pGEL1 [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 4306 (1985)], pBluescript II SK(+), pBluescript II KS(−) (Stratagene), pTrS30 [prepared from Escherichia coli JM109/pTrS30 (FERM BP-5407)], pTrS32 [prepared from Escherichia coli JM109/pTrS32 (FERM BP-5408)], pPAC31 (WO98/12343), pUC19 [Gene, 33, 103 (1985)], pSTV28 (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), pUC118 (Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.), pPA1 (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 233798/88), pWH1520 (MoBiTec), pCS299P (WO00/63388), pVLT31 [Gene, 123, 17 (1993)] and pIJ702 (Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a Laboratory Manual: John Innes Foundation).

As the promoter, any promoters capable of functioning in host cells such as Escherichia coli can be used. For example, promoters derived from Escherichia coli or phage, such as trp promoter (P_(trp)), lac promoter (P_(lac)). P_(L) promoter, P_(R) promoter and P_(SE) promoter, SPO1 promoter, SPO2 promoter and penP promoter can be used. Artificially designed and modified promoters such as a promoter in which two P_(trp)s are combined in tandem, tac promoter, lacT7 promoter and letI promoter, etc. can also be used.

Also useful are xylA promoter for the expression in microorganisms belonging to the genus Bacillus [Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35, 594-599 (1991)], P54-6 promoter for the expression in microorganisms belonging to the genus Corynebacterium [Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 53, 674-679 (2000)], tac promoter for the expression in microorganisms belonging to the genus Pseudomonas [Gene, 123, 17-24 (1993)] and xylA promoter for the expression in microorganisms belonging to the genus Streptomyces (Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a Laboratory Manual: John Innes Foundation).

It is preferred to use a plasmid in which the distance between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (ribosome binding sequence) and the initiation codon is adjusted to an appropriate length (e.g., 6 to 18 nucleotides).

In the recombinant DNA wherein the DNA used in the present invention is ligated to an expression vector, the transcription termination sequence is not essential, but it is preferred to place the transcription termination sequence immediately downstream of the structural gene.

Examples of such recombinant DNAs are pPE43 and pPK-Ec1.

Examples of suitable procaryotes include microorganisms belonging to the genera Escherichia, Serratia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Alicyclobacillus, Anabaena, Anacystis, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Chromatium, Erwinia, Methylobacterium, Phormidium, Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Scenedesmus, Streptomyces, Synechoccus and Zymomonas. Specific examples are Escherichia coli XL1-Blue, Escherichia coli XL2-Blue, Escherichia coli DH1, Escherichia coli DH5α, Escherichia coli MC1000, Escherichia coli KY3276, Escherichia coli W1485, Escherichia coli JM109, Escherichia coli HB101, Escherichia coli No. 49, Escherichia coli W3110, Escherichia coli NY49, Escherichia coli MP347, Escherichia coli NM522, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 33712, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sp. FERM BP-6030, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Brevibacterium immariophilum ATCC 14068, Brevibacterium saccharolyticum ATCC 14066, Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 14067, Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, Corynebacterium giutamicum ATCC 14297, Corynebacterium efficiens, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC 13870, Microbacterium ammoniaphilum ATCC 15354, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas sp. D-0110, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaena doliolum, Anabaena flosaquae, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter citreus, Arthrobacter globformis, Arthrobacter hydrocarboglutamicus, Arthrobacter mysorens, Arthrobacter nicotianae, Arthrobacter paraffineus, Arthrobacter protophormiae, Arthrobacter roseoparaffinus, Arthrobacter sulfureus, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Chromatium buderi, Chromatium tepidum, Chromatium vinosum, Chromatium warmingii, Chromatium fluviatile, Erwinia uredovora, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia ananas, Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia punctata, Erwinia terreus, Methylobacterium rhodesianum, Methylobacterium extorquens, Phormidium sp. ATCC 29409, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodopseudomonas blastica, Rhodopseudomonas marina, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodospirillum salexigens, Rhodospirillum salinarum, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces aureus, Streptomyces fungicidicus, Streptomyces griseochromogenes, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces olivogriseus, Streptomyces rameus, Streptomyces tanashiensis, Streptomyces vinaceus and Zymomonas mobilis. Preferred procaryotes include bacteria belonging to the genera Escherichia, Serratia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces, for example, the above-mentioned species belonging to the genera Escherichia, Serratia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. More preferred bacteria include Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium flavum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans, among which Escherichia coli is particularly preferred.

Introduction of the recombinant DNA can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into the above host cells, for example, the method using calcium ion [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972)], the protoplast method (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 248394/88) and electroporation [Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 6127 (1988)].

When a yeast strain is used as the host cell, YEp13 (ATCC 37115), YEp24 (ATCC 37051), YCp50 (ATCC 37419), pHS19, pHS15, etc. can be used as the expression vector.

As the promoter, any promoters capable of functioning in yeast strains can be used. Suitable promoters include PHO5 promoter, PGK promoter, GAP promoter, ADH promoter, gal 1 promoter, gal 10 promoter, heat shock polypeptide promoter, mFα1 promoter and CUP 1 promoter.

Examples of suitable host cells are yeast strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Trichosporon, Schwanniomyces, Pichia and Candida, specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Trichosporon pullulans, Schwanniomyces alluvius, Pichia pastoris and Candida utilis.

Introduction of the recombinant DNA can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into yeast, for example, electroporation [Methods Enzymol., 194, 182 (1990)], the spheroplast method [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 4889 (1984)] and the lithium acetate method [J. Bacteriol., 153, 163 (1983)].

When an animal cell is used as the host cell, pcDNAI, pcDM8 (commercially available from Funakoshi Co., Ltd.), pAGE107 (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 22979/91), pAS3-3 (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 227075/90), pCDM8 [Nature, 329, 840 (1987)], pcDNAI/Amp (Invitrogen Corp.), pREP4 (Invitrogen Corp.), pAGE103 [J. Biochem., 101, 1307 (1987)], pAGE210, pAMo, pAMoA, etc. can be used as the expression vector.

As the promoter, any promoters capable of functioning in animal cells can be used. Suitable promoters include the promoter of IE (immediate early) gene of cytomegalovirus (CMV), SV40 early promoter, metallothionein promoter, the promoter of a retrovirus, heat shock promoter, sRα promoter, etc. The enhancer of IE gene of human CMV may be used in combination with the promoter.

Examples of suitable host cells are mouse myeloma cells, rat myeloma cells, mouse hybridomas, human-derived Namalwa cells and Namalwa KJM-1 cells, human embryonic kidney cells, human leukemia cells, African green monkey kidney cells, Chinese hamster-derived CHO cells, and HBT5637 (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 299/88).

The mouse myeloma cells include SP2/0 and NSO; the rat myeloma cells include YB2/0; the human embryonic kidney cells include HEK293 (ATCC CRL-1573); the human leukemia cells include BALL-1; and the African green monkey kidney cells include COS-1 and COS-7.

Introduction of the recombinant DNA can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into animal cells, for example, electroporation [Cytotechnology, 3, 133 (1990], the calcium phosphate method (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 227075/90), lipofection [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7413 (1987)], and the method described in Virology, 52, 456 (1973).

When an insect cell is used as the host cell, the protein can be produced by using the methods described in Baculovirus Expression Vectors, A Laboratory Manual, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1992); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology, A Laboratory Manual; Bio/Technology, 6, 47 (1988), etc.

That is, the recombinant gene transfer vector and a baculovirus are cotransfected into insect cells to obtain a recombinant virus in the culture supernatant of the insect cells, and then insect cells are infected with the recombinant virus, whereby the protein can be produced.

The gene transfer vectors useful in this method include pVL1392, pVL1393 and pBlueBacIII (products of Invitrogen Corp.).

An example of the baculovirus is Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, which is a virus infecting insects belonging to the family Barathra.

Examples of the insect cells are ovarian cells of Spodoptera frugiperda, ovarian cells of Trichoplusia ni, and cultured cells derived from silkworm ovary.

The ovarian cells of Spodoptera frugiperda include Sf9 and Sf21 (Baculovirus Expression Vectors, A Laboratory Manual); the ovarian cells of Trichoplusia ni include High 5 and BTI-TN-5B1-4 (Invitrogen Corp.); and the cultured cells derived from silkworm ovary include Bombyx mori N4.

Cotransfection of the above recombinant gene transfer vector and the above baculovirus into insect cells for the preparation of the recombinant virus can be carried out by the calcium phosphate method (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 227075/90), lipofection [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7413 (1987)], etc.

When a plant cell is used as the host cell, Ti plasmid, tobacco mosaic virus vector, etc. can be used as the expression vector.

As the promoter, any promoters capable of functioning in plant cells can be used. Suitable promoters include 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), rice actin 1 promoter, etc.

Examples of suitable host cells are cells of plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, carrot, soybean, rape, alfalfa, rice, wheat and barley.

Introduction of the recombinant vector can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into plant cells, for example, the method using Agrobacterium (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application Nos. 140885/84 and 70080/85, WO94/00977), electroporation (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 251887/85) and the method using particle gun (gene gun) (Japanese Patent Nos. 2606856 and 2517813).

When the DNA is expressed in yeast, an animal cell, an insect cell or a plant cell, a cell producing a glycosylated protein can be obtained.

(2) The microorganisms used in the production process of the present invention include microorganisms prepared by the method of the above (1) in which the activities of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of proteins having peptide-permeating/transporting activity (hereinafter referred to as peptide-permeating/transporting proteins) are reduced or lost, and those in which the activities of three or more kinds of peptidases are reduced or lost.

Such microorganisms can be obtained, for example, by any of the following methods: (a) methods of imparting, by the method of the above (1), the ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity or the ability to produce the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity to microorganisms in which the functions of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of proteins having peptide-permeating/transporting activity are reduced or lost, or microorganisms in which the functions of three or more kinds of peptidases are reduced or lost; and (b) methods of reducing or causing loss of the functions of a) one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of peptide-permeating/transporting proteins or b) three or more kinds of peptidases of microorganisms having the ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity or the ability to produce the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity which can be prepared by the method of the above (1).

The microorganisms in which the activities of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of peptide-permeating/transporting proteins are reduced or lost include microorganisms in which the activities of one or more arbitrary kinds of peptidases and one or more arbitrary kinds of peptide-permeating/transporting proteins are reduced or lost provided that the microorganisms can normally grow, specifically, microorganisms in which the activities of preferably one to nine kinds, more preferably one to seven kinds, further preferably one to four kinds of peptidases and preferably one to five kinds, more preferably one to three kinds, further preferably one or two kinds, particularly preferably one kind of peptide-permeating/transporting protein are reduced or lost.

Examples of such microorganisms are microorganisms in which the activities of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of peptide-permeating/transporting proteins are reduced or lost because the nucleotide sequences of one or more kinds of genes encoding peptidases (hereinafter referred to as peptidase genes) and one or more kinds of genes encoding peptide-permeating/transporting proteins (hereinafter referred to as peptide-permeating/transporting protein genes) among the peptidase genes and peptide-permeating/transporting protein genes existing, on the genomic DNA of the microorganisms are entirely or partially deleted or said nucleotide sequences contain nucleotide substitutions or additions.

The expression “the activity of peptidase is reduced” means that the peptidolytic activity is reduced, or reduced to normally 80% or less, preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or less, further preferably 20% or less, particularly preferably 10% or less, most preferably 5% or less compared with peptidase having none of the above deletions, substitutions and additions of nucleotides.

The peptidolytic activity of a microorganism can be measured by allowing a peptide as a substrate and microorganism cells to be present in an aqueous medium, thereby performing peptidolytic reaction, and then determining the amount of the remaining peptide by a known method, e.g., HPLC analysis.

The above peptidases may be any proteins having peptidolytic activity. Preferred are proteins having high dipeptide-hydrolyzing activity. More preferred are dipeptidases.

Examples of peptidases include: those existing in Escherichia coli such as PepA having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 55, PepB having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 56, PepD having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 57, PepN having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 58, PepP [GenBank accession No. (hereinafter abbreviated as Genbank) AAC75946], PepQ (GenBank AAC76850), PepE (GenBank AAC76991), PepT (GenBank AAC74211), Dcp (GenBank AAC74611) and IadA (GenBank AAC77284); those existing in Bacillus subtilis such as AmpS (GenBank AF012285), PepT (GenBank X99339), YbaC (GenBank Z99104), YcdD (GenBank Z99105), YjbG (GenBank Z99110), YkvY (GenBank Z99111), YqjE (GenBank Z99116) and YwaD (GenBank Z99123); and those existing in Corynebacterium glutamicum such as proteins having the amino acid sequences represented by BAB97732, BAB97858, BAB98080, BAB98880, BAB98892, BAB99013, BAB99598 and BAB99819 (registration Nos. of DNA Data Bank of Japan). Examples of dipeptidases include PepA, PepB, PepD and PepN having the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 55 to 58, PepQ, PepE and IadA. Proteins having amino acid sequences which have 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 55 to 58 and having peptidase activity are also included in the proteins having high dipeptide-hydrolyzing activity. The homology among amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences can be determined by using BLAST, FASTA or the like described above.

The expression “the activity of a peptide-permeating/transporting protein is reduced” means that the peptide-uptaking activity is reduced, or reduced to normally 80% or less, preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or less, further preferably 20% or less, particularly preferably 10% or less, most preferably 5% or less compared with a peptide-permeating/transporting protein having none of the above deletions, substitutions and additions of nucleotides.

The peptide-uptaking activity of a microorganism can be measured by allowing a peptide as a substrate and microorganism cells to be present in an aqueous medium, thereby performing peptide-uptaking reaction, and then determining the amount of the remaining peptide by a known method, e.g., HPLC analysis.

The above peptide-permeating/transporting proteins may be any proteins involved in peptide incorporation of microorganisms, for example, proteins encoded by genes forming an operon on chromosomal DNA which form a complex on cell membrane to express dipeptide-uptaking activity and those which have peptide-uptaking activity as individual proteins. Preferred are proteins having high peptide-uptaking activity.

Examples of the peptide-permeating/transporting proteins include: those existing in Escherichia coli such as DppA having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 59, DppB having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 60, DppC having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 61, DppD having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 62, DppF having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 63, OppA (GenBank AAC76569), OppB (GenBank AAC76568), OppC (GenBank AAC76567), OppD (GenBank AAC76566), OppF (GenBank AAC76565), YddO (GenBank AAC74556), YddP (GenBank AAC74557), YddQ (GenBank AAC74558), YddR (GenBank AAC74559), YddS (GenBank AAC74560), YbiK (GenBank AAC73915), MppA (GenBank AAC74411), SapA (GenBank AAC74376), SapB (GenBank AAC74375), SapC (GenBank AAC74374), SapD (GenBank AAC74373) and SapF (GenBank AAC74372); those existing in Bacillus subtilis such as DppA (GenBank CAA40002), DppB (GenBank CAA40003), DppC (GenBank CAA40004), DppD (GenBank CAA40005), DppE (GenBank CAA40006), OppA (GenBank CAA39787), OppB (GenBank CAA39788), OppC (GenBank CAA39789), OppD (GenBank CAA39790), OppF (GenBank CAA39791), AppA (GenBank CAA62358), AppB (GenBank CAA62359), AppC (GenBank CAA62360), AppD (GenBank CAA62356), AppF (GenBank CAA62357), YclF (GenBank CAB12175) and YkfD (GenBank CAB13157); and those existing in Corynebacterium glutamicum such as proteins having the amino acid sequences represented by BAB99048, BAB99383, BAB99384, BAB99385, BAB99713, BAB99714, BAB99715, BAB99830, BAB99831 and BAB99832 (registration Nos. of DNA Data Bank of Japan). Examples of the proteins having high peptide-permeating/transporting activity include DppA, DppB, DppC, DppD and DppF having the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 59 to 63, and proteins having amino acid sequences which have 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 59 to 63.

The homology among amino acid sequences can be determined by using programs such as BLAST and FASTA described above.

The microorganisms in which the activities of three or more kinds of peptidases are reduced or lost include microorganisms in which the activities of three or more arbitrary kinds of peptidases are reduced or lost provided that the microorganisms can normally grow, specifically, microorganisms in which the activities of preferably three to nine kinds, more preferably three to six kinds, further preferably three or four kinds of peptidases are reduced or lost.

Examples of peptidases include the above-described peptidases and dipeptidases existing in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Proteins consisting of amino acid sequences which have 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 55 to 58 and having peptidase activity are also included in the proteins having high dipeptide-hydrolyzing activity.

The homology among amino acid sequences can be determined by using programs such as BLAST and FASTA described above.

The microorganisms in which the activities of peptidases and peptide-permeating/transporting proteins are reduced or lost may be obtained by any method capable of preparing such microorganisms. For example, they can be obtained by introducing a deletion, substitution or addition of a nucleotide into peptidase genes and peptide-permeating/transporting protein genes on chromosomal DNAs of microorganisms as described below.

The methods for introducing a deletion, substitution or addition of a nucleotide into a gene on the chromosomal DNA of a microorganism include methods utilizing homologous recombination. An example of the methods utilizing general homologous recombination is a method using a plasmid for homologous recombination prepared by ligating a mutant gene having an introduced nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition to a plasmid DNA incapable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which the nucleotide deletion or the like is to be introduced and carrying a drug resistance gene.

The plasmid for homologous recombination is introduced into a host cell by an ordinary method, followed by selection of a transformant in which the plasmid for homologous recombination has been integrated into the chromosomal DNA by homologous recombination using the drug resistance as a marker. The obtained transformant is cultured using a medium which does not contain the drug for several hours to one day, and then spread on an agar medium containing the drug and on an agar medium without the drug. By selecting a strain which does not grow on the former medium but can grow on the latter medium, the strain in which second homologous recombination occurred on the chromosomal DNA can be obtained. Introduction of a nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition into a desired gene on the chromosomal DNA can be confirmed by determining the nucleotide sequence of a region of the chromosomal DNA containing the gene into which the deletion or the like has been introduced.

By use of the above method, a nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition can be introduced into desired genes on chromosomal DNAs of microorganisms such as those belonging to the genera Escherichia, Bacillus and Corynebacterium.

Further, a nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition can be efficiently introduced into plural genes by utilizing homologous recombination according to a method using a straight-chain DNA.

Specifically, a straight-chain DNA containing a gene into which a nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition is to be introduced is incorporated into a cell to cause homologous recombination between chromosomal DNA and the introduced straight-chain DNA. This method is applicable to any microorganisms capable of efficiently incorporating a straight-chain DNA. Preferred microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Escherichia and Bacillus. Escherichia coli is more preferred, and Escherichia coli expressing a group of recombinant proteins derived from λ phage (Red recombination system) is further preferred.

An example of Escherichia coli expressing λ Red recombination system is Escherichia coli JM101 carrying pKD46, which is a plasmid DNA comprising a λ Red recombination system gene (available from Escherichia coli Genetic Stock Center, Yale University, U.S.A.).

Examples of the DNAs useful for homologous recombination are as follows:

-   (a) straight-chain DNA in which DNAs present on the outside of a     region of chromosomal DNA to be subjected to introduction of a     nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition are present at both     termini of a drug resistance gene; -   (b) straight-chain DNA in which DNAs present on the outside of a     region of chromosomal DNA to be subjected to introduction of a     nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition are directly ligated     to each other; -   (c) straight-chain DNA in which DNAs present on the outside of a     region of chromosomal DNA to be subjected to introduction of a     nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition are present at both     termini of a drug resistance gene and a gene that can be used for     negative selection; and -   (d) straight-chain DNA of the above (a) in which a nucleotide     sequence recognized by yeast-derived Flp recombinase [Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. USA., 82, 5875 (1985)]. is additionally present between     the drug resistance gene and the DNAs present on the outside of a     region of chromosomal DNA.

As the drug resistance gene, any drug resistance genes that impart resistance to a drug to which the host microorganism shows sensitivity can be used. When Escherichia coli is used as the host microorganism, examples of the drug resistance genes are kanamycin resistance gene, chloramphenicol resistance gene, gentamicin resistance gene, spectinomycin resistance gene, tetracycline resistance gene and ampicillin resistance gene.

The “gene that can be used for negative selection” refers to a gene that is fatal to a host microorganism under certain culture conditions when the gene is expressed in the host microorganism. Examples of the genes are sacB gene derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus [Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 1361-1366 (1993)] and rpsL gene derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia [Genomics, 72, 99-104 (2001)].

The DNAs having homology to the DNAs present on the outside of a region of chromosomal DNA to be subjected to introduction of a substitution or deletion in the above straight-chain DNAs are located in the same direction as that on the chromosomal DNA, and their length is preferably about 10 bp to 100 kbp, more preferably about 20 bp to 50 bp, and further preferably about 30 bp to 40 bp.

The nucleotide sequence recognized by yeast-derived Flp recombinase is not specifically limited so long as it is a nucleotide sequence recognized by the said protein and catalyzing homologous recombination. Preferred examples are DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 64, and DNA having a nucleotide sequence wherein one to several nucleotides are deleted, substituted or added in the said DNA and having a nucleotide sequence recognized by yeast-derived Flp recombinase and catalyzing homologous recombination.

The above “DNA having homology” refers to DNA having such a degree of homology that allows occurrence of homologous recombination between the subject region of chromosomal DNA and the above straight-chain DNA, specifically, DNA having 80% or more homology, preferably 90% or more homology, more preferably 95% or more homology, further preferably 100% homology.

The homology among nucleotide sequences can be determined by using programs such as BLAST and FASTA described above.

The above straight-chain DNA fragments can be prepared by PCR. The desired straight-chain DNA can also be obtained by constructing DNA containing the above straight-chain DNA on plasmid and then carrying out treatment with restriction enzymes.

Examples of the methods for introducing a nucleotide deletion, substitution or addition into the chromosomal DNA of a microorganism include the following Methods 1 to 4.

-   Method 1:

A method which comprises introducing the straight-chain DNA of the above (a) or (d) into a host microorganism and selecting a transformant carrying the straight-chain DNA inserted on its chromosomal DNA by homologous recombination using the drug resistance as a marker.

Method 2:

A method which comprises introducing the straight-chain DNA of the above (b) into the transformant obtained according to the above Method 1 and eliminating the drug resistance gene inserted on its chromosomal DNA by Method 1 to substitute or delete a region of the chromosomal DNA of the microorganism.

Method 3:

A method which comprises:

-   [1] introducing the straight-chain DNA of the above (c) into a host     microorganism and selecting a transformant carrying the     straight-chain DNA inserted on its chromosomal DNA by homologous     recombination using the drug resistance as a marker; -   [2] synthesizing DNA by ligating DNAs having homology to the DNAs     present on the outside of a region of chromosomal DNA to be     subjected to introduction of a substitution or deletion in the same     direction as that on the chromosomal DNA, and introducing the     synthesized DNA into the transformant obtained in the above [1]; and -   [3] culturing the transformant subjected to the operation of the     above [2] under conditions such that the gene that can be used for     negative selection is expressed, and selecting a strain capable of     growing by the culturing as a strain in which the drug resistance     gene and the gene that can be used for negative selection are     eliminated from the chromosomal DNA.     Method 4:

A method which comprises:

-   [1] introducing the straight-chain DNA of the above (d) into a host     microorganism and selecting a transformant carrying the     straight-chain DNA inserted on its Chromosomal DNA by homologous     recombination using the drug resistance as a marker; and -   [2] introducing a Flp recombinase gene expression plasmid into the     transformant obtained in the above [1], and after expression of the     gene, obtaining a strain sensitive to the drug used in the above     [1].

In the above methods, introduction of the straight-chain DNA into a host microorganism can be carried out by any of the methods for introducing DNA into the microorganism, for example, the method using calcium ion [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972)], the protoplast method (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 248394/88) and electroporation [Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 6127 (1988)].

By using a straight-chain DNA in which an arbitrary gene to be inserted to chromosomal DNA is incorporated in the center part of the straight-chain DNA used in Method 2 or Method 3 [2], it is possible to eliminate the drug resistance gene and at the same time to insert an arbitrary gene to the chromosomal DNA.

The above Methods 2 to 4 are methods that leave no foreign genes such as a drug resistance gene and a gene usable for negative selection on the chromosomal DNA of the transformant to be finally obtained. Therefore, it is possible to readily produce a microorganism having nucleotide deletions, substitutions or additions in two or more different regions of the chromosomal DNA by repeating the operations of Methods 1 and 2, Method 3 [1] to [3], and Method 4 [1] and [2] using the same drug resistance gene and the same gene usable for negative selection.

-   9. Preparation of the Protein of the Present Invention and the     Protein Used in the Present Invention

The protein of the present invention and the protein used in the present invention (hereinafter referred to as protein used in the present invention) can be produced by culturing the transformant obtained by the method of the above 8 in a medium, allowing the protein used in the present invention to form and accumulate in the culture, and recovering the protein from the culture.

The host of the above transformant for producing the protein used in the present invention may be any microorganism such as procaryote or yeast, animal cell, insect cell, plant cell or the like, but is preferably a microorganism, more preferably a procaryote, further preferably a bacterium, particularly preferably a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia, and most preferably Escherichia coli.

Culturing of the above transformant in a medium can be carried out by conventional methods for culturing the host cell.

For the culturing of the transformant microorganism obtained by using a procaryote such as Escherichia coli or a eucaryote such as yeast as the host cell, any of natural media and synthetic media can be used insofar as it is a medium suitable for efficient culturing of the transformant which contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, etc. which can be assimilated by the host used.

As the carbon sources, any carbon sources that can be assimilated by the host can be used. Examples of suitable carbon sources include carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses containing them, starch and starch hydrolyzate; organic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid; and alcohols such as ethanol and propanol.

As the nitrogen sources, ammonia, ammonium salts of organic or inorganic acids such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate and ammonium phosphate, and other nitrogen-containing compounds can be used as well as peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolyzate, soybean cake, soybean cake hydrolyzate, and various fermented microbial cells and digested products thereof.

Examples of the inorganic salts include potassium dihydrogenphosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and calcium carbonate.

Culturing is usually carried out under aerobic conditions, for example, by shaking culture or submerged spinner culture under aeration. The culturing temperature is preferably 15 to 40° C., and the culturing period is usually 5 hours to 7 days. The pH is maintained at 3.0 to 9.0 during the culturing. The pH adjustment is carried out by using an organic or inorganic acid, an alkali solution, urea, calcium carbonate, ammonia, etc.

If necessary, antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline may be added to the medium during the culturing.

When a microorganism transformed with an expression vector comprising an inducible promoter is cultured, an inducer may be added to the medium, if necessary. For example, in the case of a microorganism transformed with an expression vector comprising lac promoter, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside or the like may be added to the medium; and in the case of a microorganism transformed with an expression vector comprising trp promoter, indoleacrylic acid or the like may be added.

For the culturing of the transformant obtained by using an animal cell as the host cell, generally employed media such as RPMI1640 medium [J. Am. Med. Assoc., 199, 519 (1967)], Eagle's MEM [Science, 122, 501 (1952)], DMEM [Virology, 8, 396 (1959)] and 199 medium [Proc. Soc. Biol. Med., 73, 1 (1950)], media prepared by adding fetal calf serum or the like to these media, etc. can be used as the medium.

Culturing is usually carried out at pH 6 to 8 at 25 to 40° C. for 1 to 7 days in the presence of 5% CO₂.

If necessary, antibiotics such as kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin may be added to the medium during the culturing.

For the culturing of the transformant obtained by using an insect cell as the host cell, generally employed media such as TNM-FH medium (PharMingen, Inc.), Sf-900 II SFM medium (Life Technologies, Inc.), ExCell 400 and ExCell 405 (JRH Biosciences, Inc.) and Grace's Insect Medium [Nature, 195, 788 (1962)] can be used as the medium.

Culturing is usually carried out at pH 6 to 7 at 25 to 30° C. for 1 to 5 days.

If necessary, antibiotics such as gentamicin may be added to the medium during the culturing.

The transformant obtained by using a plant cell as the host cell may be cultured in the form of cells as such or after differentiation into plant cells or plant organs. For the culturing of such transformant, generally employed media such as Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium and White medium, media prepared by adding phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin to these media, etc. can be used as the medium.

Culturing is usually carried out at pH 5 to 9 at 20 to 40° C. for 3 to 60 days.

If necessary, antibiotics such as kanamycin and hygromycin may be added to the medium during the culturing.

The protein used in the present invention may be produced by intracellular production by host cells, extracellular secretion by host cells or production on outer membranes by host cells. A desirable production method can be adopted by changing the kind of the host cells used or the structure of the protein to be produced.

When the protein used in the present invention is produced in host cells or on outer membranes of host cells, it is possible to force the protein to be secreted outside the host cells by applying the method of Paulson, et al. [J. Biol. Chem., 264, 17619 (1989)], the method of Lowe, et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8227 (1989); Genes Develop., 4, 1288 (1990)], or the methods described in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 336963/93, WO94/23021, etc.

That is, extracellular secretion of the protein used in the present invention by host cells can be caused by expressing it in the form of a protein in which a signal peptide is added upstream of a protein containing the active site of the protein used in the present invention by the use of recombinant DNA techniques.

It is also possible to increase the protein production by utilizing a gene amplification system using a dihydrofolate reductase gene or the like according to the method described in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 227075/90.

Further, the protein used in the present invention can be produced using an animal having an introduced gene (non-human transgenic animal) or a plant having an introduced gene (transgenic plant) constructed by redifferentiation of animal or plant cells carrying the introduced gene.

When the transformant producing the protein used in the present invention is an animal or plant, the protein can be produced by raising or culturing the animal or plant in a usual manner, allowing the protein to form and accumulate therein, and recovering the protein from the animal or plant.

Production of the protein used in the present invention using an animal can be carried out, for example, by producing the protein in an animal constructed by introducing the gene according to known methods [Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63, 639S (1996); Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63, 627S (1996); Bio/Technology, 9, 830 (1991)].

In the case of an animal, the protein used in the present invention can be produced, for example, by raising a non-human transgenic animal carrying the introduced DNA used in the present invention, allowing the protein to form and accumulate in the animal, and recovering the protein from the animal. The places where the protein is formed and accumulated include milk (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 309192/88), egg, etc. of the animal. As the promoter in this process, any promoters capable of functioning in an animal can be used. Preferred promoters include mammary gland cell-specific promoters such as a casein promoter, β casein promoter, β lactoglobulin promoter and whey acidic protein promoter.

Production of the protein used in the present invention using a plant can be carried out, for example, by culturing a transgenic plant carrying the introduced DNA encoding the protein used in the present invention according to known methods [Soshiki Baiyo (Tissue Culture), 20, (1994); Soshiki Baiyo, 21, (1995); Trends Biotechnol., 15, 45 (1997)], allowing the protein to form and accumulate in the plant, and recovering the protein from the plant.

The protein used in the present invention produced by using the transformant producing the protein can be isolated and purified by conventional methods for isolating and purifying enzymes.

For example, when the protein used in the present invention is produced in a soluble form in cells, the cells are recovered by centrifugation after the completion of culturing and suspended in an aqueous buffer, followed by disruption using a sonicator, French press, Manton Gaulin homogenizer, Dynomill or the like to obtain a cell-free extract.

A purified protein preparation can be obtained by centrifuging the cell-free extract to obtain the supernatant and then subjecting the supernatant to ordinary means for isolating and purifying enzymes, e.g., extraction with a solvent, salting-out with ammonium sulfate, etc., desalting, precipitation with an organic solvent, anion exchange chromatography using resins such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose and DIAION HPA-75 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), cation exchange chromatography using resins such as S-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia), hydrophobic chromatography using resins such as butyl Sepharose and phenyl Sepharose, gel filtration using a molecular sieve, affinity chromatography, chromatofocusing, and electrophoresis such as isoelectric focusing, alone or in combination.

When the protein is produced as an inclusion body in cells, the cells are similarly recovered and disrupted, followed by centrifugation to obtain a precipitate fraction. After the protein is recovered from the precipitate fraction by an ordinary method, the inclusion body of the protein is solubilized with a protein-denaturing agent.

The solubilized protein solution is diluted with or dialyzed against a solution containing no protein-denaturing agent or a solution containing the protein-denaturing agent at such a low concentration that denaturation of protein is not caused, whereby the protein is renatured to have normal higher-order structure. Then, a purified protein preparation can be obtained by the same isolation and purification steps as described above.

When the protein used in the present invention or its derivative such as a glycosylated form is extracellularly secreted, the protein or its derivative such as a glycosylated form can be recovered in the culture supernatant.

That is, the culture is treated by the same means as above, e.g., centrifugation, to obtain a soluble fraction. A purified protein preparation can be obtained from the soluble fraction by using the same isolation and purification methods as described above.

Examples of the proteins obtained in the above manner are proteins respectively consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 13, 47, 48, 53 and 124 to 131.

It is also possible to produce the protein used in the present invention as a fusion protein with another protein and to purify it by affinity chromatography using a substance having affinity for the fused protein.

Examples of the proteins to be fused include β-galactosidase, protein A, immunoglobulin G-binding region of protein A, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, poly(Arg), poly(Glu), protein G, maltose-binding protein, glutathione S-transferase, polyhistidine chain (His-tag), S peptide, DNA-binding protein domain, Tac antigen, thioredoxin, green fluorescent protein, FLAG peptide and arbitrary antibody epitopes [Akio Yamakawa, Experimental Medicine, 13, 469-474 (1995)].

Examples of the substances having affinity for the above proteins to be fused include antibodies recognizing) β-galactosidase, protein A, immunoglobulin G-binding region of protein A, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, poly(Arg), poly(Glu), protein G, maltose-binding protein, glutathione S-transferase, polyhistidine chain (His-tag), S peptide, DNA-binding protein domain, Tac antigen, thioredoxin, green fluorescent protein, FLAG peptide and arbitrary antibody epitopes, such as immunoglobulin G.

Specifically, when the protein used in the present invention is produced as a fusion protein with protein A, the fusion protein can be purified according to the method of Lowe, et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8227 (1989); Genes Develop., 4, 1288 (1990)] and the methods described in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 336963/93 and WO94/23021. When the protein used in the present invention is produced as a fusion protein with a Flag peptide, the fusion protein can be purified according to the methods described in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8227 (1989); Genes Develop., 4, 1288 (1990), etc. The protein can also be purified by affinity chromatography using an antibody against said protein.

The protein used in the present invention can also be produced by chemical synthetic methods such as the Fmoc method (the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl method) and the tBoc method (the t-butyloxycarbonyl method) based on the amino acid information on the protein obtained above. Further, the protein can be chemically synthesized by using peptide synthesizers from Advanced ChemTech, Perkin-Elmer, Pharmacia, Protein Technology Instrument, Synthecell-Vega, PerSeptive, Shimadzu Corporation, etc.

-   10. Process for Producing Dipeptides or Dipeptide Derivatives of the     Present Invention

The production processes of the present invention include:

-   (1) a process for producing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI,     which comprises: -   allowing (i) a phosphate donor, (ii) a substance selected from the     group consisting of AMP, ADP and ATP, (iii) a protein having     polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the     ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the     culture, (iv) a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino     acids or amino acid derivatives, or a culture of cells having the     ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture     and (v) one or more kinds, preferably one or two kinds of amino     acids or amino acid derivatives to be present in an aqueous medium; -   allowing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI to form and accumulate     in the aqueous medium; and -   recovering dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from the aqueous     medium; and -   (2) a process for producing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII,     which comprises: -   allowing (i) a phosphate donor, (ii) a substance selected from the     group consisting of AMP, ADP and ATP, (iii) a protein having     polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the     ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the     culture, (iv) a protein having the activity to ATP-dependently form     dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino     acids or amino acid derivatives, or a culture of cells having the     ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture     and (v) one or more kinds, preferably one or two kinds of amino     acids or amino acid derivatives to be present in an aqueous medium; -   allowing dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI to form and accumulate     in the aqueous medium; -   subjecting dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI, as such or after     recovery, to modification to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative     PII; and -   recovering dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII.

Modification of dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII can be carried out by known organic synthesis techniques.

The above amino acids or amino acid derivatives include amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (I):

(wherein n¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a) and R^(2b) have the same significances as defined above) or formula (II):

(wherein n², R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁴ and R⁵ have the same significances as defined above) [provided that when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives used are amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (I), at least one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is a hydrogen atom, and when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives used are amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (II), R⁵ is hydroxy]. Preferred amino acids or amino acid derivatives are those represented by formula (III):

(wherein R^(1c), R^(1d), R^(2c) and R^(2d) have the same significances as defined above) or formula (IV):

(wherein R^(3c), R^(3d) and R⁵ have the same significances as defined above) [provided that when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives used are amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (III), at least one of R^(1c) and R^(1d) is a hydrogen atom, and when all the amino acids or amino acid derivatives used are amino acids or amino acid derivatives represented by formula (IV), R⁵ is hydroxy]. More preferred amino acids or amino acid derivatives are those represented by formula (V):

(wherein R^(2e) has the same significance as defined above) or formula (VI):

(wherein R^(3e) has the same significance as defined above).

Examples of dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI produced by the above process include dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (VIIa):

(wherein n^(3a), n^(4a), R^(6a), R^(6b), R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(9b) and R^(10a) have the same significances as defined above), preferably, dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (VIIIa):

(wherein R^(6c), R^(6d), R^(7c), R^(7d), R^(9c), R^(9d) and R^(10a) have the same significances as defined above), more preferably, dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (IXa):

(wherein R^(7e) and R^(9e) have the same significances as defined above).

Examples of dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PII produced by the above process include dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (VIIb):

(wherein n^(3A), n^(4A), R^(6A), R^(6B), R^(7A), R^(7B), R^(8A), R^(9A), R^(9B) and R^(10A) have the same significances as defined above), preferably, dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (VIIIb):

(wherein R^(6C), R^(6D), R^(7C), R^(7D), R^(9C), R^(9D) and R^(10A) have the same significances as defined above), more preferably, dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives represented by formula (IXb):

(wherein R^(7E) and R^(9E) have the same significances as defined above). The above dipeptides or dipeptide derivatives do not include compounds in which the same or different amino acids selected from the group consisting of L-alanine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-proline, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, L-asparagine, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-aspartic acid, L-α-aminobutyric acid, L-azaserine, L-theanine, L-4-hydroxyproline, L-3-hydroxyproline, L-ornithine, L-citrulline, L-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine, glycine and β-alanine are linked with each other by peptide bond.

In the definitions of the groups in formulae (I) to (VI), (VIIa), (VIIb), (VIIIa), (VIIIb), (IXa) and (IXb), the lower alkyl moiety of the lower alkyl, the lower alkoxy, the lower alkanoyl, the lower alkoxycarbonyl, the mono(lower alkyl)amino and the di(lower alkyl)amino includes alkyl groups with 1 to 10 carbon atoms having a straight-chain structure, a branched-chain structure, a cyclic structure or a combination thereof. Examples of the straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl. Examples of the cyclic alkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, noradamantyl, adamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octyl and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl. Examples of the alkyl groups having a combination of a straight-chain or branched-chain structure and a cyclic structure are cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl and cyclooctylethyl. Two lower alkyl moieties of the di(lower alkyl)amino may be the same or different.

The lower alkenyl includes straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-decenyl and 9-decenyl.

The lower alkynyl includes straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 5-hexynyl and 9-decynyl.

The aryl moiety of the aryl, the aralkyl and the aroyl includes monocyclic aryl groups and condensed-ring aryl groups in which two or more rings are condensed, specifically, aryl groups having 6 to 14 ring-constituting carbon atoms, such as phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl and anthranyl.

The alicyclic heterocyclic group includes monocyclic ones and condensed-ring ones in which two or more rings are condensed. Though the kind and number of heteroatoms contained in the alicyclic heterocyclic group are not specifically limited, the alicyclic heterocyclic group may contain, for example, one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom. Specific examples of the alicyclic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidyl, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrazolinyl, oxazolinyl, dioxolanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, octahydroquinolyl, dihydroindolyl and 1,3-dioxoisoindolinyl.

The heterocyclic group moiety of the heterocyclic alkyl includes, for example, aromatic heterocyclic groups and alicyclic heterocyclic groups. The aromatic heterocyclic groups include monocyclic ones and condensed-ring ones in which two or more rings are condensed. Though the kind and number of heteroatoms contained in the aromatic heterocyclic group are not specifically limited, the aromatic heterocyclic group may contain, for example, one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom. Specific examples of the aromatic heterocyclic groups are those having 5 to 14 ring-constituting atoms, such as furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, purinyl and coumarinyl. The alicyclic heterocyclic group has the same significance as defined above.

The alkylene moiety of the aralkyl and the heterocyclic alkyl has the same significance as the straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl among the above-described lower alkyl groups except one hydrogen atom is removed therefrom.

The heterocyclic group formed together with the adjacent nitrogen atom and the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom and the heterocyclic group formed together with the adjacent carbon atom and the nitrogen atom adjacent to the carbon atom include 5- or 6-membered monocyclic alicyclic heterocyclic groups containing at least one nitrogen atom (the monocyclic alicyclic heterocyclic groups may also contain another nitrogen atom, oxygen atom or sulfur atom), and bicyclic or tricyclic condensed-ring heterocyclic groups containing at least one nitrogen atom in which 3- to 8-membered rings are condensed (the condensed-ring heterocyclic groups may also contain another nitrogen atom, oxygen atom or sulfur atom), specifically, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and tetrahydroisoquinolyl.

The substituted lower alkyl, the substituted lower alkenyl, the substituted lower alkynyl, the substituted lower alkoxy, the substituted lower alkanoyl, the substituted lower alkoxycarbonyl, the substituted aralkyl, the substituted aryl, the substituted aroyl, the substituted heterocyclic alkyl, the mono(substituted lower alkyl)amino, the lower alkyl(substituted lower alkyl)amino, the di(substituted lower alkyl)amino, the substituted heterocyclic group formed together with the adjacent nitrogen atom and the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom, and the substituted heterocyclic group formed together with the adjacent carbon atom and the nitrogen atom adjacent to the carbon atom each have one to a substitutable number, preferably 1 to 3 substituents which are the same or different. Examples of the substituents include halogen, amino, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, guanidino, ureido, cyano, formyl, carboxyl, aminocarbonyl, diazoacetyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, mono or di(lower alkyl)aminocarbonyl, lower alkylthio, aryl, aralkyl, aroyl and heterocyclic carbonyl. The lower alkyl moiety of the lower alkyl, the lower alkoxy, the lower alkanoyl and the lower alkoxycarbonyl, the aryl moiety of the aryl, the aralkyl and the aroyl, and the alkylene moiety of the aralkyl have the same significances as defined above, respectively. The lower alkyl moiety of the mono or di(lower alkyl)aminocarbonyl and the lower alkylthio has the same significance as the above lower alkyl, and the heterocyclic group moiety of the heterocyclic carbonyl has the same significance as the heterocyclic group moiety of the above heterocyclic alkyl. The halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms. Two lower alkyl moieties of the di(lower alkyl)aminocarbonyl may be the same or different.

Preferred amino acids or amid acid derivatives also include those selected from the group consisting of L-amino acids, glycine (Gly), β-alanine (βAla) and their derivatives. Examples of L-amino acids are L-alanine (L-Ala), L-glutamine (L-Gln), L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), L-valine (L-Val), L-leucine (L-Leu), L-isoleucine (L-Ile), L-proline (L-Pro), L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), L-tryptophan (L-Trp), L-methionine (L-Met), L-serine (L-Ser), L-threonine (L-Thr), L-cysteine (L-Cys), L-asparagine (L-Asn), L-tyrosine (L-Tyr), L-lysine (L-Lys), L-arginine (L-Arg), L-histidine (L-His), L-aspartic acid (L-Asp), L-α-aminobutyric acid (L-α-AB), L-azaserine, L-theanine, L-4-hydroxyproline (L-4-HYP), L-3-hydroxyproline (L-3-HYP), L-ornithine (L-Orn), L-citrulline (L-Cit) and L-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine.

Combinations of amino acids or amino acid derivatives used in the above production processes include the following: a combination of one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Ala, Gly, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr and β-Ala, or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Ala, L-Gln, L-Glu, Gly, L-Val, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-Pro, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Asn, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His, L-Asp, L-α-AB, β-Ala, L-azaserine, L-theanine, L-4-HYP, L-3-HYP, L-Orn, L-Cit and L-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine, or its derivative; a combination of L-Gln or its derivative and L-Phe or its derivative; and a combination of L-α-AB or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, L-Arg and L-α-AB, or its derivative. Further preferred combinations are: a combination of L-Ala or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, Gly, L-Val, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Asn, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His, L-α-AB, L-azaserine, L-Cit and L-theanine, or its derivative; a combination of Gly or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, Gly, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-α-AB and L-Cit, or its derivative; a combination of L-Met or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Phe, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys and L-His, or its derivative; a combination of L-Ser or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Tyr, L-His and L-α-AB, or its derivative; a combination of L-Thr or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Leu, L-Thr and L-α-AB, or its derivative; a combination of L-Gln or its derivative and L-Phe or its derivative; a combination of β-Ala or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from, the group consisting of L-Phe, L-Met, L-His and L-Cit, or its derivative; and a combination of L-α-AB or its derivative, and one kind of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-Gln, L-Arg and L-α-AB, or its derivative.

When the protein itself is used as the enzyme source in the above production processes, the amount of the protein in the aqueous medium is 0.01 to 100 mg, preferably 0.1 to 10 mg per mg of amino acid or amino acid derivative used as a substrate. When the culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity or cells having the ability to produce the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, or a treated matter of the culture is used as the enzyme source, the amount of the enzyme source to be added varies according to its specific activity, etc., but is, for example, 5 to 1000 mg (wet cell weight), preferably 10 to 400 mg per mg of amino acid or amino acid derivative used as a substrate.

The treated matters of the culture include treated matters which are selected from the group consisting of heat-treated culture, concentrated culture, dried culture, cells obtained by centrifuging the culture, products obtained by subjecting the cells to heat treatment, drying, freeze-drying, treatment with a surfactant, ultrasonication, mechanical friction, treatment with a solvent, enzymatic treatment, protein fractionation and immobilization, and an enzyme preparation obtained by extracting the cells, and which have the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from one or more kinds of amino acids or amino acid derivatives, or polyphosphate kinase activity. Preferred are heat-treated culture or cells. The heat treatment may be carried out under any conditions without specific restrictions, provided that the heat-treated culture or cells have the activity to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI and polyphosphate kinase activity required for the reaction and that the dipeptide- or dipeptide derivative-hydrolyzing activity can be reduced or lost. For example, the heat treatment can be carried out at 40 to 90° C. for 5 to 120 minutes, preferably at 45 to 70° C. for 10 to 60 minutes.

When the above heat-treated culture or cells are used as the enzyme source, it is preferred to employ a protein having the dipeptide-forming activity and a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity which are thermostable. Cells having the ability to produce the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity and the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity which are thermostable can be obtained by introducing a mutation, for example, into DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 or 117 by using techniques such as error-prone PCR [Technique, 1, 11-15 (1989)], preparing transformants producing a protein encoded by the above DNA by the method of the above 3 to produce the protein, and selecting a transformant producing the protein retaining the dipeptide-forming activity or polyphosphate kinase activity after the heat treatment under the above conditions. An example of such cells is a cell carrying DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOS: 22 to 26 obtained by introducing a mutation into DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 by error-prone PCR.

In the above production processes, the amino acids or amino acid derivatives used as substrates are added to the aqueous medium at the start or in the course of reaction to give a concentration of 0.1 to 500 g/l, preferably 0.2 to 200 g/l.

The substance selected from the group consisting of AMP, ADP and ATP used in the above production processes may be used at any concentration that allows start of coupling of ATP-consuming reaction (reaction to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI) and ATP-regenerating reaction (ATP-forming reaction by polyphosphate kinase). The concentration of the substance is usually 0.1 mmol/l to 100 mol/l, preferably 1 mmol/l to 10 mol/l, more preferably 2 mmol/l to 5 mol/l.

When the culture of cells or a treated matter of the culture is used as the enzyme source in the above production processes, precursors of AMP, ADP or ATP which are converted into AMP, ADP or ATP by the metabolic ability of cells, or substances which serve as sources of AMP, ADP or ATP, for example, sugars such as glucose, alcohols such as ethanol, and organic acids such as acetic acid, can be used instead of AMP, ADP or ATP.

As the phosphate donor in the above production processes, any phosphate donors that are substrates for polyphosphate kinase can be used. Preferably, polyphosphoric acids are used. Any polyphosphoric acids that are substrates for polyphosphate kinase can be used, and suitable ones are those having the polymerization degree of 8 to 1000, preferably 10 to 75. Polyphosphoric acid is added to the aqueous medium to give a concentration of 0.5 to 200 g/l, preferably 5 to 100 g/l.

The aqueous medium used in the above production processes may comprise any components and may have any composition so far as the dipeptide- or dipeptide derivative-forming reaction is not inhibited. Suitable aqueous media include water and buffers such as phosphate buffer, carbonate buffer, acetate buffer, borate buffer, citrate buffer and Tris buffer. The aqueous medium may comprise alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, ketones such as acetone, and amides such as acetamide. When the culture of cells or a treated matter of the culture is used as the enzyme source, the culture liquor of the cells can also be used as the aqueous medium.

Further, when the culture of cells or a treated matter of the culture is used as the enzyme source in the above production processes, a surfactant or an organic solvent may be added to the aqueous medium according to need. Suitable surfactants include nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene octadecylamine (e.g., Nymeen S-215, NOF Corporation), cationic surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (e.g., Cation F2-40E, NOF Corporation), anionic surfactants such as lauroyl sarcosinate, and tertiary amines such as alkyldimethylamine (e.g., Tertiary Amine FB, NOF Corporation). Suitable organic solvents include xylene, toluene, aliphatic alcohols, acetone and ethyl acetate. Any surfactants and organic solvents may be used alone or in combination provided that the cells used in the production processes of the present invention have the activity to form dipeptide or dipeptide derivative PI from amino acids or amino acid derivatives. The kind and concentration of the surfactant and organic solvent can be arbitrarily selected so long as the cells used in the present invention have the above activity. For example, the surfactant is usually used at a concentration of 0.1 to 50 g/l, and the organic solvent is usually used at a concentration of 0.1 to 50 ml/l.

If necessary, chelating agents such as EDTA, EGTA and phytic acid, protease inhibitors such as PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and -4-amidinophenyl benzoate, peptidase inhibitors such as actinonin and diprotin A, and metal ions such as cadmium and chromium may be added to the aqueous medium in order to inhibit hydrolysis of the formed dipeptide or dipeptide derivative. They can be used at the following concentrations: chelating agent, 0.01 to 100 mmol/l; protease or peptidase inhibitor, 0.01 to 10 mmol/l; metal ion, 0.1 to 100 mg/l.

The dipeptide- or dipeptide derivative-forming reaction is carried out in the aqueous medium at pH 5 to 11, preferably pH 6 to 10, at 20 to 50° C., preferably 25 to 45° C., for 2 to 150 hours, preferably 6 to 120 hours.

In the above production processes, recovery of the dipeptide or dipeptide derivative formed and accumulated in the aqueous medium can be carried out by ordinary methods using active carbon, ion-exchange resins, etc. or by means such as extraction with an organic solvent, crystallization, thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.

The methods for preparing the DNA, protein and cells used in the present invention are illustrated in the following experimental examples, but the preparation methods are not limited to the following experimental examples.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1

Search for a Protein Having the Dipeptide-Synthesizing Activity Utilizing a Database

By using, as a query, the amino acid sequence of D-Ala-D-Ala ligase gene derived from Bacillus subtilis 168 [Nature, 390, 249-256 (1997)], a search for a gene encoding a protein having homology which is present in the genomic DNA sequences of Bacillus subtilis 168 was carried out using the homology search function of Subtilist (http://genolist.pasteur.fr/SubtiList/) which is a database of the genomic DNA of Bacillus subtilis 168.

From the sequences obtained as a result of the search, genes encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 43, 44 and 45 which are D-Ala-D-Ala ligase motifs [Biochemistry, 30, 1673 (1991)] and encoding proteins whose function had already been clarified were excluded. Of the remaining sequences, the sequence showing the highest homology (29.1%) to the D-Ala-D-Ala ligase motif was selected as a gene of unknown function ywfE.

The nucleotide sequence of ywfE is shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the nucleotide sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 2

Construction of a Strain Expressing ywfE Gene

On the basis of the information on the nucleotide sequence obtained in Experimental Example 1, a ywfE gene fragment of Bacillus subtilis was obtained in the following manner.

That is, Bacillus subtilis 168 (ATCC 23857) was inoculated into LB medium [10 g/l Bacto-tryptone (Difco), 5 g/l yeast extract (Difco) and 5 g/l sodium chloride] and subjected to static culture overnight at 30° C. After the culturing, the chromosomal DNA of the microorganism was isolated and purified according to the method using saturated phenol described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.

By using a DNA synthesizer (Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.), DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 29 to 32 (hereinafter referred to as primer A, primer B, primer C and primer D, respectively) were synthesized. Primer A has a sequence wherein a nucleotide sequence containing the XhoI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosomal DNA containing the initiation codon of ywfE. Primer B has a sequence wherein a nucleotide sequence containing the BamHI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence containing the termination codon of ywfE. Primer C has a sequence wherein a nucleotide sequence containing the EcoRI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of the nucleotide sequence of trp promoter region of expression vector pTrS30 containing trp promoter [prepared from Escherichia coli JM109/pTrS30 (FERN BP-5407)]. Primer D has a sequence wherein a nucleotide sequence containing the XhoI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a sequence complementary to the sequence of trp promoter region of expression vector pTrS30 containing trp promoter.

A ywfE gene fragment was amplified by PCR using the above primer A and primer B, and as a template, the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis. A trp promoter region fragment was amplified by PCR using primer C and primer D, and as a template, pTrS30. PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA or 10 ng of pTrS30 as a template, 0.5 μl mol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) (Stratagene) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP).

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 1.4 kb DNA fragment corresponding to the ywfE gene fragment and a ca. 0.3 kb DNA fragment corresponding to the trp promoter region fragment were respectively amplified in the PCR using primer A and primer B and the PCR using primer C and primer D. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform (1 vol/1 vol) saturated with TE [10 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mmol/l EDTA]. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged to precipitate DNA, and the obtained DNA was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

The thus obtained solutions (5 μl each) were respectively subjected to reaction to cleave the DNA amplified using primer A and primer B with restriction enzymes XhoI and BamHI and to reaction to cleave the DNA amplified using primer C and primer D with restriction enzymes EcoRI and XhoI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 1.4 kb fragment containing ywfE and a 0.3 kb fragment containing trp promoter region were respectively recovered using GENECLEAN II Kit (BIO 101).

pTrs30 [a trp promoter-containing expression vector prepared from Escherichia coli JM109/pTrS30 (FERM BP-5407), 0.2 μg] was cleaved with restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and a 4.5 kb DNA fragment was recovered in the same manner as above.

The 1.4 kb fragment containing ywfE, the 0.3 kb fragment containing trp promoter region and the 4.5 kb DNA fragment obtained above were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit (Takara Bio Inc.) at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli NM522 (Stratagene) was transformed using the reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972)], spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of the transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method and the structure of the plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes, whereby it was confirmed that expression vector pPE43 containing ywfE ligated downstream of the trp promoter was obtained (FIG. 1).

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 3

Production of a Dipeptide

Escherichia coli NM522 carrying pPE43 (Escherichia coli NM522/pPE43) obtained in Experimental Example 2 was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

A reaction mixture (0.1 ml) comprising 60 mg/ml (final concentration) wet cells, 120 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 60 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 60 mmol/l ATP, 30 mmol/l L-Ala, 30 mmol/l L-Gln and 0.4% Nymeen S-215 was prepared, and reaction was carried out at 37° C. for 3 minutes.

After the completion of reaction, the reaction product was derivatized by the dinitrophenol method and then analyzed by HPLC. The HPLC analysis was carried out using, as a separation column, Lichrosorb-RP-18 column (Kanto Kagaku) and, as an eluent, 1% (v/v) phosphoric acid and 25% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. As a result, it was confirmed that 120 mg/l L-alanyl-L-glutamine (L-Ala-L-Gln) was formed and accumulated in the reaction mixture.

Formation of L-Ala-L-Gln was not observed when the reaction was carried out using cells of Escherichia coli NM522/pTrS31, which is a control strain carrying only a vector.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 4

Purification of C-Terminal His-Tagged Recombinant Dipeptide Synthetase

By using the above DNA synthesizer, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34 (hereinafter referred to as primer E and primer F, respectively) were synthesized. Primer E has a nucleotide sequence containing a region wherein the initiation codon of ywfE (atg) is substituted by the NcoI recognition sequence (ccatgg). Primer F has a nucleotide sequence containing a region wherein the termination codon of ywfE is substituted by the BamHI recognition sequence (ggatcc).

PCR was carried out using the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis 168 (ATCC 23857) as a template and the above primer E and primer F as a set of primers. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

One-tenth of the resulting reaction mixture was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 1.4 kb fragment corresponding to the ywfE fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA precipitate was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

The thus obtained solution (5 μl) was subjected to reaction to cleave the amplified DNA with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 1.4 kb DNA fragment containing ywfE was recovered using GENECLEAN II Kit.

C-Terminal His-tagged recombinant expression vector pQE60 (Qiagen, Inc.) (0.2 g) was cleaved with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 3.4 kb DNA fragment was recovered in the same manner as above.

The 1.4 kb DNA fragment containing ywfE and the 3.4 kb DNA fragment obtained above were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using the ligation reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of the transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method and the structure of the plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes, whereby it was confirmed that pQE60ywfE, which is a C-terminal His-tagged ywfE expression vector, was obtained (FIG. 2).

Escherichia coli NM522 carrying pQE60ywfE (Escherichia coli NM522/pQE60ywfE) was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells, and a His-tagged recombinant enzyme was purified from the wet cells using HisTrap (His-tagged protein purification kit, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) according to the instructions attached thereto.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 5

Production of Dipeptides Using the His-Tagged Recombinant Enzyme (1)

-   (i) A reaction mixture (0.1 ml) comprising 0.04 mg of the purified     His-tagged recombinant enzyme obtained in Experimental Example 4,     100 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 60     mmol/l ATP, 30 mmol/l L-Ala and 30 mmol/l L-Gln was prepared, and     reaction was carried out at 37° C. for 16 hours.

After the completion of reaction, the reaction product was analyzed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3 above, whereby it was confirmed that 3.7 g/l L-Ala-L-Gln and 0.3 g/l L-alanyl-L-alanine (L-Ala-L-Ala) were formed and accumulated in the reaction mixture.

-   (ii) Reactions were carried out under the same conditions as in the     above (i) using reaction mixtures having the same composition as     that of the reaction mixture of the above (i) except that 0.01 mg of     the enzyme was used and L-Phe, L-Met, L-Leu and L-Val, respectively,     were used in place of L-Gln.

After the completion of reactions, the reaction products were analyzed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3 above, whereby it was confirmed that the following dipeptides were formed and accumulated in the respective reaction mixtures: 7.0 g/l L-alanyl-L-phenylalanine (L-Ala-L-Phe) alone; 7.0 g/l L-alanyl-L-methionine (L-Ala-L-Met) and 0.03 g/l L-Ala-L-Ala; 5.0 g/l L-alanyl-L-leucine (L-Ala-L-Leu) and 0.2 g/l L-Ala-L-Ala; and 1.6 g/l L-alanyl-L-valine (L-Ala-L-Val) and 0.3 g/l L-Ala-L-Ala.

-   (iii) Reactions were carried out under the same conditions as in the     above (i) using reaction mixtures having the same composition as     that of the reaction mixture of the above (i) except that 0.01 mg of     the enzyme was used, Gly was used in place of L-Ala, and L-Phe and     L-Met, respectively, were used in place of L-Gln.

After the completion of reactions, the reaction products were analyzed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3 above, whereby it was confirmed that 5.2 g/l glycyl-L-phenylalanine (Gly-L-Phe) and 1.1 g/l glycyl-L-methionine (Gly-L-Met) were formed and accumulated in the respective reaction mixtures.

When ATP was excluded from the compositions of the above reaction mixtures, no dipeptide was formed.

The above results revealed that the ywfE gene product has the activity to produce, in the presence of ATP, the following dipeptides: L-Ala-L-Gln plus L-Ala-L-Ala, L-Ala-L-Phe, L-Ala-L-Met plus L-Ala-L-Ala, L-Ala-L-Leu plus L-Ala-L-Ala, or L-Ala-L-Val plus L-Ala-L-Ala from L-Ala plus L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Met, L-Leu or L-Val; and Gly-L-Phe or Gly-L-Met from Gly plus L-Phe or L-Met.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 6

Production of Dipeptides Using the His-Tagged Recombinant Enzyme (2)

A reaction mixture (0.1 ml) comprising 0.04 mg of the purified His-tagged recombinant enzyme obtained in Experimental Example 4, 100 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mmol/l magnesium chloride and 60 mmol/l ATP was prepared. To this mixture were respectively added combinations of various L-amino acids, Gly and β-Ala selected from the amino acids shown in the first row of Table 1 and in the leftmost column of Table 1 to give a concentration of 30 mmol/l each, and the resulting mixtures were subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 16 hours. After the completion of reactions, the reaction products were analyzed by HPLC, whereby it was confirmed that the dipeptides shown in Table 1 were formed.

TABLE 1 Ala Gln Glu Gly Val Leu Ile Pro Ala AlaAla AlaGln AlaAla AlaGly AlaVal AlaLeu AlaIle AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla Gln X X GlyGln X X X X GlyGly Gln GlyGly Gly GlyGly GlyGly Val Leu Ile Pro Phe Trp Met Ser Thr Cys Asn Tyr Lys Arg His Asp αAB β-Ala Cit Phe Trp Met Ser Thr Cys Asn Tyr Ala AlaPhe AlaTrp AlaMet AlaSer AlaThr AlaAla AlaAsn AlaTyr AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla ◯ AlaAla AlaAla Gln ◯ X MetMet SerGln ThrGln ◯ X X SerSer ThrThr Glu Gly GlyPhe GlyGly GlyMet GlySer GlyThr GlyGly GlyGly GlyTyr ◯ GlyGly GlyGly GlyGly ◯ GlyGly SerGly ThrGly SerSer ThrThr Val X Leu MetMet ThrLeu Ile MetMet Pro MetMet SerSer ThrThr Phe MetPhe SerPhe ThrPhe MetMet ThrThr Trp Met MetMet SerMet ThrMet MetMet MetTyr ThrThr ◯ MetMet Ser SerSer SerThr SerTyr SerSer SerSer ThrSer ThrThr Thr ThrThr Cys Asn Tyr Lys Arg His Asp α-AB β-Ala Cit Lys Arg His Asp α-AB β-Ala Cit Azaserine Theanine Ala AlaAla AlaArg AlaHis AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla AlaAla ◯ AlaAla AlaAla ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ Gln X X X X ◯ Glu Gly GlyGly GlyArg GlyGly GlyGly GlyGly ◯ ◯ GlyGly ◯ Val Leu Ile Pro Phe X ◯ Trp Met MetMet MetMet ◯ ◯ ◯ Ser SerHis SerSer ◯ Thr ThrThr ◯ Cys Asn Tyr Lys Arg ◯ His β-AlaHis Asp α-AB ◯ β-Ala Cit ◯

The dipeptides formed by the reaction using, as substrates, two (or one) kinds of L-amino acids, Gly and β-Ala shown in the first row and the leftmost column of Table 1 are shown in the respective cells of the table. In the table, ◯ means that a dipeptide was formed though its sequence was unidentified; X means that formation of a dipeptide was not confirmed; and a blank means that reaction was not carried out.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 7

Production of a Dipeptide Using the Strain Expressing the His-Tagged Recombinant Enzyme

Escherichia coli NM522/pQE60ywfE obtained in Experimental Example 4 was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

A reaction mixture (20 ml, pH 7.2) comprising 200 g/l wet cells, 50 g/l glucose, 5 g/l phytic acid (diluted to neutrality with 33% conc. sodium hydroxide solution), 15 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 5 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 4 g/l Nymeen S-215, 10 ml/l xylene, 200 mmol/l L-Ala and 200 mmol/l L-Gln was put in a 50-ml beaker, and reaction was carried out at 32° C. at 900 rpm for 2 hours. During the reaction, the pH of the reaction mixture was maintained at 7.2 by using 2 mol/l potassium hydroxide.

The reaction product was analyzed by the same method as in Experimental Example 3, whereby it was confirmed that 25 mg/l L-Ala-L-Gln was accumulated.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 8

Cloning of Genes Corresponding to the ywfE Gene from Various Microorganisms of the Genus Bacillus and Analysis Thereof

On the basis of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, genes corresponding to the ywfE gene which exist in Bacillus subtilis ATCC 15245, ATCC 6633, IAM 1213, IAM 1107, IAM 1214, ATCC 9466, IAM 1033 and ATCC 21555, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IFO 3022 and Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-12025 were obtained in the following manner.

That is, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 15245, ATCC 6633, IAM 1213, IAM 1107, IAM 1214, ATCC 9466, IAM 1033 and ATCC 21555, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IFO 3022 and Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-12025 were respectively inoculated into LB medium and subjected to static culture overnight at 30° C. After the culturing, the chromosomal DNAs of the respective microorganisms were isolated and purified according to the method using saturated phenol described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.

By using a DNA synthesizer (Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.), DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 35 and 36 (hereinafter referred to as primer G and primer H, respectively) were synthesized. Primer G has a sequence containing a region upstream of the initiation codon of ywfE on the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis 168, and primer H has a sequence complementary to a sequence containing a region downstream of the termination codon of ywfE.

PCR was carried out using each of the chromosomal DNAs of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 15245, ATCC 6633, IAM 1213, IAM 1107, IAM 1214, ATCC 9466, IAM 1033 and ATCC 21555 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IFO 3022 as a template and the above primer G and primer H as a set of primers. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 1.6 kb fragment corresponding to the ywfE fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA precipitate was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

Each of the thus obtained 1.4 kb DNA fragments derived from the chromosomal DNAs of the respective strains and pCR-blunt (Invitrogen Corp.) were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using each ligation reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method and the structure of each plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that the following plasmids containing a gene corresponding to the ywfE gene were obtained: pYWFE1 (derived from ATCC 15245, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 46), pYWFE2 (derived from ATCC 6633, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 15), pYWFE3 (derived from IAM 1213, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16), pYWFE4 (derived from IAM 1107, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 17), pYWFE5 (derived from IAM 1214, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 18), pYWFE6 (derived from ATCC 9466, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14), pYWFE7 (derived from IAM 1033, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 46), pYWFE8 (derived from ATCC 21555, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 19) and pYWFE9 (derived from IFO 3022, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 20).

On the other hand, a gene corresponding to ywfE derived from Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-12025 (DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 21) was obtained in the following manner.

PCR was carried out using the chromosomal DNA of the NRRL B-12025 strain prepared above as a template and DNAs respectively consisting of the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 37 and 38 as a set of primers. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 98° C. for 5 seconds, reaction at 55° C. for 30 seconds and reaction at 72° C. for one minute, using 50 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Z-taq polymerase (Takara Bio Inc.), 5 μl of buffer for Z-taq polymerase (10×) (Takara Bio Inc.) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

One-tenth of the resulting reaction mixture was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 0.8 kb fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA precipitate was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

The thus obtained 0.8 kb fragment derived from the chromosomal DNA and pGEM T-easy (Promega Corp.) were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli DH5 was transformed using the reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from the transformant obtained above and the nucleotide sequence of the ca. 0.8 kb DNA insert was determined, whereby a sequence from nucleotides 358 to 1160 in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 was confirmed.

The above plasmid was cleaved with EcoRI and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate a DNA fragment. The DNA fragment was purified using GENECLEAN II Kit, and about 0.5 μg of the purified DNA fragment was DIG-labeled using DIG-High Prime DNA Labeling & Detection Starter Kit I (Roche Diagnostics Corp.) according to the instructions attached thereto.

Southern analysis of the chromosomal DNA of the NRRL B-12025 strain was carried out using the DIG-labeled DNA obtained above.

The chromosomal DNA of the NRRL B-12025 strain was completely digested with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI and SphI, respectively, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments, followed by transfer to nylon membrane plus charge (Roche Diagnostics Corp.) according to an ordinary method.

After the DNA fragments were fixed on the nylon membrane by UV irradiation, Southern hybridization was carried out using the above probe DNA and the nylon membrane.

The hybridization was carried out by contacting the nylon membrane with the probe DNA at 65° C. for 16 hours, washing the nylon membrane twice with a solution consisting of 0.1% SDS and 2×SSC at room temperature for 5 minutes, and further washing the membrane twice with a solution consisting of 0.1% SDS and 0.5×SSC at 65° C. for 15 minutes. The other operations and conditions and detection of the hybridized DNA were carried out according to the instructions attached to the above-mentioned DIG-High Prime DNA Labeling & Detection Starter Kit I.

As a result, color development was observed at around 3.5 kbp of the fragments completely digested with HindIII and PstI.

Subsequently, the chromosomal DNA of the NRRL B-12025 strain was completely digested with HindIII and PstI, respectively, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. From the respective restriction enzyme-digested DNAs, 3-4 kbp fragments were purified using GENECLEAN II Kit, followed by autocyclization using a ligation kit.

On the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the 0.8 kb DNA fragment determined above, the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 39 and 40 were designed and synthesized, and they were used in PCR using the cyclized DNA obtained above as a template. PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 98° C. for 5 seconds, reaction at 55° C. for 30 seconds and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes and 30 seconds, using 50 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 10 ng of the cyclized DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of pyrobest polymerase (Takara Bio Inc.), 5 μl of buffer for pyrobest polymerase (10×) (Takara Bio Inc.) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

One-tenth of the resulting reaction mixture was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 3.0 kb fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA precipitate was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

The thus obtained DNA fragment and Zero Blunt PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen Corp.) were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit.

Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using the reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of the transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method and the structure of the plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that plasmid pYWFE10 (derived from NRRL B-12025, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 21) containing a gene corresponding to the ywfE gene was obtained.

The nucleotide sequences of the genes corresponding to the ywfE gene which are respectively contained in the plasmids pYWFE1 to pYWFE10 obtained above were determined using 373A DNA Sequencer.

The amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the genes respectively contained in pYWFE1, pYWFE6 and pYWFE7 were identical with the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the ywfE gene, whereas those of the proteins encoded by the genes respectively contained in pYWFE2, pYWFE3, pYWFE4, pYWFE5, pYWFE8, pYWFE9 and pYWFE10 were different from the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the ywfE gene.

The amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the genes corresponding to the ywfE gene which are contained in pYWFE2, pYWFE3, pYWFE4, pYWFE5, pYWFE8, pYWFE9 and pYWFE10, and pYWFE1 and pYWFE7 are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2 to 8 and 1, respectively, and the nucleotide sequences of these genes are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 14 to 21 and 46, respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 9

Purification of C-Terminal His-Tagged Recombinant Dipeptide Synthetase

PCR was carried out using each of the chromosomal DNAs of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 15245, ATCC 6633, IAM 1213, IAM 1107, IAM 1214, ATCC 9466, IAM 1033 and ATCC 21555 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IFO 3022 as a template and primer A and primer B described in Experimental Example 2 as a set of primers. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5/μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

When the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-12025 was used as a template, PCR was carried out using

DNAs respectively having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 41 and 42 as a set of primers under the same conditions as above.

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 1.4 kb DNA fragment corresponding to the ywfE fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA precipitate was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

Each of the thus obtained solutions (5 μl) was subjected to reaction to cleave the amplified DNA with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 1.4 kb DNA fragment containing a gene corresponding to the ywfE gene was recovered using GENECLEAN II Kit.

Subsequently, 0.2 μg of the C-terminal His-tagged recombinant expression vector pQE60 was cleaved with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 3.4 kb DNA fragment was recovered in the same manner as above.

Each of the 1.4 kb DNA fragments containing a gene corresponding to the ywfE gene of Bacillus subtilis 168 and the 3.4 kb DNA fragment obtained above were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours. Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using each ligation reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method and the structure of each plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that the following C-terminal His-tagged gene expression vectors were obtained: pQE60ywfE1 (a vector containing the gene derived from ATCC 15245), pQE60ywfE2 (a vector containing the gene derived from ATCC 6633), pQE60ywfE3 (a vector containing the gene derived from IAM 1213), pQE60ywfE4 (a vector containing the gene derived from IAM 1107), pQE60ywfE5 (a vector containing the gene derived from IAM 1214), pQE60ywfE6 (a vector containing the gene derived from ATCC 9466), pQE60ywfE7 (a vector containing the gene derived from IAM 1033), pQE60ywfE8 (a vector containing the gene derived from ATCC 21555), pQE60ywfE9 (a vector containing the gene derived from IFO 3022) and pQE60ywfE10 (a vector containing the gene derived from NRRL B-12025).

Escherichia coli NM522/pQE60ywfE1 to NM522/pQE60ywfE10 strains obtained above were respectively inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. Each of the resulting cultures was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells, and His-tagged recombinant enzymes were purified from the respective wet cells using HisTrap according to the instructions attached thereto.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 10

Production of Dipeptides Using Purified Enzymes

Reaction mixtures (0.1 ml each) comprising 0.04 mg of the respective recombinant enzymes obtained in Experimental Example 9, 100 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 60 mmol/l ATP, 30 mmol/l L-Ala and 30 mmol/l L-Gln were prepared, and reactions were carried out at 37° C. for 16 hours.

After the completion of reactions, the reaction mixtures were analyzed by the method described in Experimental Example 3, whereby it was confirmed that 3.0 to 3.5 g/l L-Ala-L-Gln and 0.25 to 0.3 g/l L-Ala-L-Ala were formed and accumulated.

When ATP was excluded from the compositions of the above reaction mixtures, L-Ala-L-Gln or L-Ala-L-Ala was not formed at all.

The above results revealed that all of the products of the genes obtained in Experimental Example 8 have the activity to produce L-Ala-L-Gln and L-Ala-L-Ala from L-Ala and L-Gln in the presence of ATP.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 11

Acquisition of the albC Gene and its Analogous Gene

The albC gene and its analogous gene were obtained from Streptomyces noursei and Streptomyces albulus based on the nucleotide sequence of the albC gene of Streptomyces noursei [Chemistry & Biol., 9, 1355 (2002)] in the following manner.

Streptomyces noursei IFO15452 and Streptomyces albulus IFO14147 were inoculated into KM73 medium [2 g/l yeast extract (Difco) and 10 g/l soluble starch (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)] containing 1% glycine and KP medium [15 g/l glucose, 10 g/l glycerol, 10 g/l polypeptone (Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), 10 g/l meat extract (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.) and 4 g/l calcium carbonate)], respectively, and subjected to shaking culture overnight at 28° C. Streptomyces noursei IFO15452 and Streptomyces albulus IFO14147 were distributed by National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) Biological Resource Center (BRC) (2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba 292-0818 Japan).

After the culturing, the chromosomal DNAs of the respective microorganisms were isolated and purified according to the method described in Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a Laboratory Manual: John Innes Foundation.

On the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the albC gene, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 51 and 52. (hereinafter referred to as primer J and primer K, respectively) were synthesized by using a DNA synthesizer (Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.). Primer J has a sequence wherein a sequence containing the NcoI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a region containing the initiation codon of the albC gene on the chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces noursei. Primer K has a sequence wherein a sequence containing the BglII recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a sequence complementary to a sequence containing the termination codon of the albC gene.

PCR was carried out using each of the chromosomal DNAs of Streptomyces noursei and Streptomyces albulus as a template and the above primer J and primer K as a set of primers. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 30 seconds and reaction at 72° C. for one minute, using 50 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA as a template, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Ex Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc.), 5 μl of buffer for Ex Taq DNA polymerase (10×) (Takara Bio Inc.), 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs and 5 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide.

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 0.7 kb DNA fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged to precipitate DNA, and the obtained DNA was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

Each of the thus obtained solutions (5 μl) was subjected to reaction to cleave the amplified DNA with restriction enzymes NcoI and BglII. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 700 bp DNA fragment was recovered using GENECLEAN II Kit.

Subsequently, 0.2 μg of the expression vector pQE60 containing phage T5 promoter was cleaved with restriction enzymes NcoI and BglII. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 3.4 kb DNA fragment was recovered in the same manner as above.

Each of the actinomycetes-derived 0.7 kb DNA fragments and the pQE60-derived 3.4 kb DNA fragment obtained above were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using each ligation reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method, and the structure of each plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that expression vector pAL-nou containing the DNA derived from Streptomyces noursei in a downstream position of the phage T5 promoter and expression vector pAL-alb containing the DNA derived from Streptomyces albulus were obtained (FIG. 3).

The nucleotide sequence of each actinomycete-derived DNA inserted into the resective plasmid was determined by using a nucleotide sequencer (373A DNA Sequencer), whereby it was confirmed that pAL-alb contained DNA encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47; i.e. DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 49, and pAL-nou contained DNA encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 48, i.e. DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 50.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 12

Production of Straight-chain Dipeptides by the Use of Cells as an Enzyme Source

Escherichia coli NM522 carrying pAL-nou or pAL-alb obtained in Experimental Example 11 (Escherichia coli NM522/pAL-nou or NM522/pAL-alb) and Escherichia coli NM522 without a plasmid were respectively inoculated into 10 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube (no addition of ampicillin in the case of a strain carrying no plasmid, hereinafter the same shall apply), and cultured at 30° C. for 17 hours. Each of the resulting cultures (0.5 ml) was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask and subjected to shaking culture at 30° C. for one hour. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

A reaction mixture (3.0 ml) comprising 100 mg/ml (final concentration) wet cells, 60 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), 10 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 10 mmol/l ATP, 1 g/l L-Leu and 1 g/l L-Phe was prepared, and reaction was carried out at 30° C. One hour after the start of the reaction, the reaction mixture was sampled and acetonitrile was added thereto to a concentration of 20% (v/v). Then, the obtained reaction product was analyzed by HPLC. The HPLC analysis was carried out by using ODS-HA column (YMC Co., Ltd.) as a separation column and 30% (v/v) acetonitrile as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min, and by measuring ultraviolet absorption at 215 nm.

As a result, it was confirmed that 36.7 mg/l cyclo(L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine) [cyclo(L-Leu-L-Phe)] was accumulated in the reaction mixture of Escherichia coli NM522/pAL-nou. However, no cyclo(L-Leu-L-Phe) was detected in the reaction mixture of Escherichia coli NM522. The same reaction mixtures were analyzed by HPLC under the following conditions to measure straight-chain dipeptides L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (L-Leu-L-Phe) and L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine (L-Phe-L-Leu).

Both the straight-chain dipeptides were derivatized by the F-moc method and then analyzed by HPLC. The HPLC analysis was carried out by using ODS-HG5 (Nomura Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as a separation column and solution A (6 ml/l acetic acid and 20% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH adjusted to 4.8 with triethylamine) and solution B (6 ml/l acetic acid and 70% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH adjusted to 4.8 with triethylamine) as eluents at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min, and by detecting the dipeptides at an excitation wavelength of 254 nm and a fluorescence wavelength of 630 nm. The ratio of solution A to solution B was 8:2 during the first 5 minutes of elution and thereafter changed with a linear gradient so that the ratio became 1:1 at 20 minutes after the start of elution.

As a result, it was confirmed that 21.9 mg/l L-Leu-L-Phe and 12.0 mg/l L-Phe-L-Leu were accumulated in the reaction mixture of Escherichia coli NM522/pAL-nou and no straight-chain dipeptide was detected in the reaction mixture of Escherichia coli NM522 used as a control strain.

The above result revealed that the cyclodipeptide-synthesizing enzyme obtained in Experimental Example 11 has the ability to synthesize straight-chain dipeptides.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 13

Production of Straight-Chain Dipeptides Using the Purified Enzyme (1)

Escherichia coli NM522/pAL-nou was cultured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 12. After the completion of the culturing, centrifugation was carried out to obtain wet cells. The obtained wet cells were washed with a 60 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and suspended in a 20 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer containing 10 mmol/l imidazole. The resulting suspension was subjected to ultrasonication at 4° C. to obtain a disrupted cell suspension. The obtained suspension (10 ml: containing 0.863 mg of protein) was passed through a His-tag purification column (Amersham Biosciences K.K.) and then 15 ml of a 20 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer containing 10 mmol/l imidazole was passed through the column for washing to purify a His-tagged albC protein in the column. Then, 2 ml of a reaction mixture having the same composition as that in Example 2 [composition: 60 mmol/l potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), 10 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 10 mmol/l ATP, 1 g/l L-Leu, 1 g/l L-Phe] was put into the column containing the His-tagged albC protein, followed by incubation at 30° C., during which the substrates were held in the column. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture in the column was eluted with 3 ml of a reaction mixture having the same composition, and the cyclodipeptide and straight-chain dipeptides in the reaction mixture were determined in the same manner as in Experimental Example 12.

As a result, it was confirmed that 6.8 mg/l cyclo(L-Leu-L-Phe), 28.7 mg/l L-Leu-L-Phe and 18.5 mg/l L-Phe-L-Leu were formed. No cyclopeptide or straight-chain peptide was detected in the reaction mixture without ATP incubated in the same manner.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 14

Production of Straight-chain Dipeptides Using the Purified Enzyme (2)

Enzymatic reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Experimental Example 13 except that the amino acids as substrates were replaced by another amino acid and the obtained product was analyzed. As the reaction mixture, a mixture having the same composition as that of Experimental Example 13 except that the amino acids as the substrates were replaced by 1 g/l L-Ala, L-Leu or L-Phe was used.

As a result, it was revealed that 9.41 mg/l L-Ala-L-Ala, 7.85 mg/l L-Leu-L-Leu and 5.20 mg/l L-Phe-L-Phe were respectively formed in 24 hours after the start of the reaction.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 15

Construction of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Expression of the ywfE Gene

By using a DNA synthesizer (Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.), DNAs having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 94 to 97 (hereinafter referred to as primer L, primer M, primer N and primer O, respectively) were synthesized. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94 is a sequence wherein a sequence containing the XhoI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a region containing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (ribosome binding sequence) of the ywfE gene on the plasmid pQE60ywfE. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 is a sequence wherein a sequence containing the BamHI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a sequence complementary to a sequence containing the termination codon of the ywfE gene. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96 is a sequence wherein a sequence containing the EcoRI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of the sequence of trp promoter region of expression vector pTrS30 containing trp promoter. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97 is a sequence wherein a sequence containing the XhoI recognition sequence is added to the 5′ end of a sequence complementary to the sequence of trp promoter region of expression vector pTrS30 containing trp promoter.

A ywfE gene fragment and a trp promoter region fragment were amplified by PCR using the above primers L and M and primers N and O as a set of primers, respectively, and the plasmid pQE60ywfE as a template. PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 10 ng of pQE60ywfE, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of dNTPs.

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that a ca. 1.4 kb fragment corresponding to the ywfE gene fragment and a ca. 0.3 kb fragment corresponding to the trp promoter region fragment were respectively amplified in the PCR using primer L and primer M and the PCR using primer N and primer O. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA was dissolved in 20 μl of TE.

The thus obtained DNA solutions (5 μl each) were respectively subjected to reaction to cleave the DNA amplified using primer L and primer M with restriction enzymes XhoI and BamHI and to reaction to cleave the DNA amplified using primer N and primer O with restriction enzymes EcoRI and XhoI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 1.4 kb fragment containing the ywfE gene and a 0.3 kb fragment containing trp promoter region were respectively recovered using GENECLEAN II Kit.

pTrs30 (a trp promoter-containing expression vector, 0.2 μg) was cleaved with restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI. DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and a 4.5 kb DNA fragment was recovered in the same manner as above.

The 1.4 kb fragment containing the ywfE gene, the 0.3 kb fragment containing trp promoter region and the 4.5 kb DNA fragment obtained above were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for 16 hours.

Escherichia coli NM522 was transformed using the reaction mixture according to the method using calcium ion, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of the transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method, whereby expression vector pPE56 containing the ywfE gene in a downstream position of the trp promoter was obtained. The structure of the vector was confirmed by digestion with restriction enzymes (FIG. 4).

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 16

Preparation of Strains Having Deletions of the pepD, pepN, pepB and pepA Genes and the dpp Operon

Strains in which specific genes on Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA are deleted were prepared according to the method utilizing the homologous recombination system of lambda phage [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 6641-6645 (2000)].

Plasmids pKD46, pKD3 and pCP20 used below were prepared by extraction, according to a known method, from Escherichia coli strains carrying them which were obtained from Escherichia coli Genetic Stock Center, Yale University, U.S.A.

(1) Cloning of DNA Fragments for Gene Deletion

For the purpose of deleting the following genes existing on the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli K12, DNAs having nucleotide sequences homologous to 36-bp nucleotide sequences that lie upstream and downstream of the respective genes to be deleted on the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli K12 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 64 which is recognized by yeast-derived Flp recombinase were synthesized using a DNA synthesizer (Model 8905, PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.). The genes to be deleted are the pepD gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 65, the pepN gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 66, the pepB gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 67, the pepA gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 68, the dppA gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 69, the dppB gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 70, the dppC gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 71, the dppD gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 72 and the dppF gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 73. In the case of the dppA, dppB, dppC, dppD and dppF genes, which form an operon, DNAs having nucleotide sequences homologous to the nucleotide sequences that lie upstream and downstream of the operon were synthesized.

That is, DNAs consisting of the following nucleotide sequences were synthesized as respective sets of primers for amplification of DNA fragments for gene deletion: SEQ ID NOS: 74 and 75 for pepD gene deletion; SEQ ID NOS: 76 and 77 for pepN gene deletion; SEQ ID NOS: 78 and 79 for pepA gene deletion; SEQ ID NOS: 80 and 81 for pepB gene deletion; and SEQ ID NOS: 82 and 83 for dpp operon deletion.

Subsequently, PCR was carried out using each set of the above synthetic DNAs as a set of primers and pKD3 DNA as a template. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 10 ng of the plasmid DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of deoxyNTPs.

One-tenth of each of the resulting reaction mixtures was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm that the desired fragment was amplified. Then, the remaining reaction mixture was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE.

The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes, followed by centrifugation. By this procedure, chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragments for deletion of the pepD, pepN, pepB and pepA genes and the dpp operon were obtained.

(2) Preparation of Escherichia coli JM101 Having pepD Gene Deletion

Escherichia coli JM101 was transformed with pKD46, spread on LB agar medium containing 100 mg/l ampicillin, and cultured at 30° C. to select Escherichia coli JM101 carrying pKD46 (hereinafter referred to as Escherichia coli JM101/pKD46).

The plasmid pKD46 carries L Red recombinase gene the expression of which can be induced by L-arabinose. Accordingly, when Escherichia coli carrying pKD46 grown in the presence of L-arabinose is transformed using a straight-chain DNA, homologous recombination occurs with high frequency. Further, as pKD46 has a thermosensitive replication origin, curing of the plasmid can be readily caused by culturing the strain at 42° C.

The chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragment for pepD gene deletion obtained above was introduced into Escherichia coli JM101/pKD46 obtained by culturing in the presence of 10 mmol/l L-arabinose and 50 μg/ml ampicillin by electroporation. The resulting cells were spread on LB agar medium (10 g/l Bacto-tryptone, 5 g/l Bacto-yeast extract, 5 g/l sodium chloride and 15 g/l agar) containing 25 mg/l chloramphenicol and cultured at 30° C. to select a transformant in which the chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragment for pepD gene deletion was integrated into the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli JM101 by homologous recombination.

The selected chloramphenicol-resistant strain was inoculated onto LB agar medium containing 25 mg/l chloramphenicol and cultured at 42° C. for 14 hours, followed by single colony isolation. Replicas of the obtained colonies were made on LB agar medium containing 25 mg/l chloramphenicol and LB agar medium containing 100 mg/l ampicillin, followed by culturing at 37° C. By selecting a colony showing chloramphenicol resistance and ampicillin sensitivity, a pKD46-cured strain was obtained.

The pKD46-cured strain thus obtained was transformed using pCP20, followed by selection on LB agar medium containing 100 mg/l ampicillin to obtain a pKD46-cured strain carrying pCP20.

The plasmid pCP20 carries yeast-derived Flp recombinase gene the expression of which can be induced at a temperature of 42° C.

The chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragments for deletion of the pepD, pepN, pepB and pepA genes and the dpp operon prepared above contain nucleotide sequences recognized by Flp recombinase at both termini of the chloramphenicol resistance gene. Therefore, the resistance gene can be readily deleted by homologous recombination catalyzed by Flp recombinase.

Further, as pCP20 has a thermosensitive replication origin, expression of Flp recombinase and curing of pCP20 can be simultaneously induced by culturing the pCP20-carrying strain at 42° C.

The pCP20-carrying pKD46-cured strain obtained above was inoculated onto drug-free LB agar medium and cultured at 42° C. for 14 hours, followed by single colony isolation. Replicas of the obtained colonies were made on drug-free LB agar medium, LB agar medium containing 25 mg/l chloramphenicol and LB agar medium containing 100 mg/l ampicillin, followed by culturing at 30° C. Then, colonies showing chloramphenicol sensitivity and ampicillin sensitivity were selected.

Chromosomal DNAs were prepared from the respective strains selected above according to an ordinary method [Seibutsukogaku Jikkensho (Experiments in Biotechnology), edited by The Society for Biotechnology, Japan, p. 97-98, Baifukan (1992)]. PCR was carried out using, as a set of primers, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 84 and 85 which were designed based on an inner nucleotide sequence of the pepD gene to be deleted, and using each of the chromosomal DNAs as a template. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for one minute, reaction at 55° C. for 2 minutes and reaction at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 40 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pfu DNA polymerase, 4 μl of buffer for Pfu DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of deoxyNTPs.

A strain with which no amplified DNA fragment was detected in the above PCR was identified as a strain having pepD gene deletion and was designated as Escherichia coli JPD1.

(3) Preparation of a Strain in which the pepD and pepN Genes on the Chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli JM101 are Deleted

Escherichia coli JPD1 obtained in the above (2) was transformed with pKD46, spread on LB agar medium containing 100 mg/l ampicillin, and cultured at 30° C. to select Escherichia coli JPD1 carrying pKD46 (hereinafter referred to as Escherichia coli JPD1/pKD46). The chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragment for pepN gene deletion was introduced into Escherichia coli JPD1/pKD46 by electroporation to obtain a transformant in which the chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragment for pepN gene deletion was integrated into the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli JPD1/pKD46 by homologous recombination.

Subsequently, the same procedure as in the above (2) was carried out to obtain a strain in which the chloramphenicol resistance gene was deleted from the chromosomal DNA, which was designated as Escherichia coli JPDN2.

(4) Preparation of Strains in which the pepN, pepA or pepB Gene or the dpp Operon on the Chromosomal DNA of Escherichia Coli JM101 is Deleted and Strains Having Multiple Gene Deletion

The strains having pepN, pepA or pepB gene or dpp operon deletion were prepared according to the same procedure as in the above (2) using the respective chloramphenicol resistance gene-containing DNA fragments for gene or operon deletion prepared in the above (1).

Acquisition of the strains having gene deletions by the above method was confirmed by carrying out PCR in the same manner as in the above (2) using, as sets of primers, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 93 which were designed and synthesized based on inner nucleotide sequences of the respective genes to be deleted. That is, DNAs having the following nucleotide sequences were used as respective sets of primers for the confirmation of gene deletion: SEQ ID NOS: 86 and 87 for pepN deletion; SEQ ID NOS: 88 and 89 for pepA deletion; SEQ ID NOS: 90 and 91 for pepB deletion; and SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 93 for dpp operon deletion.

The thus obtained dpp operon-deleted strain, pepN gene-deleted strain, pepA gene-deleted strain and pepB gene-deleted strain were designated as Escherichia coli JDPP1, Escherichia coli JPN1, Escherichia coli JPA1 and Escherichia coli JPB7, respectively.

Further, strains having multiple gene deletions, i.e., deletions of two or more genes or operon selected from the group consisting of the pepD, pepN, pepA and pepB genes and the dpp operon were prepared according to the method of the above (3). Acquisition of the strains having multiple gene deletions was confirmed by PCR similar to that in the above (2). The thus obtained double gene-deleted strain having pepD gene and dpp operon deletions was designated as Escherichia coli JPDP49, triple gene-deleted strain having pepB, pepD and pepN gene deletions as Escherichia coli JPDNB43, triple gene-deleted strain having pepD and pepN gene and dpp operon deletions as Escherichia coli JPNDDP36, quadruple gene-deleted strain having pepA, pepD and pepN gene and dpp operon deletions as Escherichia coli JPNDAP5, and quadruple gene-deleted strain having pepB, pepD and pepN gene and dpp operon deletions as Escherichia coli JPNDBP7. The genes deleted in the gene-deleted strains are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Strain Deleted gene JM101 none JDPP1 dpp operon JPN1 pepN JPA1 pepA JPB7 pepB JPD1 pepD JPDN2 pepD, pepN JPNDB43 pepB, pepD, pepN JPDP49 pepD, dpp operon JPNDDP36 pepD, pepN, dpp operon JPNDAP5 pepA, pepD, pepN, dpp operon JPNDBP7 pepB, pepD, pepN, dpp operon

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 17

Evaluation of Productivity of L-Ala-L-Gln and L-Ala-L-Ala by Escherichia coli Strains in which Peptidase and Dipeptide-Permeating/Transporting Protein Activities are Lost

The strains having deletions of genes encoding various peptidases and dipeptide-permeating/transporting protein which were obtained in Experimental Example 16 were transformed using the plasmid pPE56 constructed in Experimental Example 15 to obtain ampicillin-resistant transformants.

Each of the obtained transformants was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was added to 8 ml of an aqueous medium [16 g/l dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, 14 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 5 g/l ammonium sulfate, 1 g/l citric acid (anhydrous), 0.5 g/l Casamino acid (Difco), 1 g/l L-Pro, 2.5 g/l L-Ala, 2.5 g/l L-Gln, 10 g/l glucose, 10 mg/l vitamin B₁, 25 mg/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and 50 mg/l ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; pH adjusted to 7.2 with 10 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution; L-Gln was added after sterilization by filtration of a 10-fold conc. solution; glucose, vitamin B₁, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate were added after separate steam sterilization] containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube in an amount of 1% and subjected to reaction at 30° C. for 24 hours. The resulting aqueous medium was centrifuged to obtain a supernatant.

The product in the supernatant was derivatized by the F-moc method and then analyzed by HPLC. The HPLC analysis was carried out using ODS-HG5 (Nomura Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as a separation column and solution A (6 ml/l acetic acid and 20% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH adjusted to 4.8 with triethylamine) and solution B (6 ml/l acetic acid and 70% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH adjusted to 4.8 with triethylamine) as eluents. The ratio of solution A to solution B was 8:2 during the first 5 minutes of elution and thereafter changed with a linear gradient so that the ratio became 1:1 at 20 minutes after the start of elution. The results of analysis are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Ala-Gln Ala-Ala Strain Deleted gene (g/l) (g/l) JM101 none 0 0 JDPP1 dpp operon 0.02 0.01 JPN1 pepN 0.01 0.01 JPA1 pepA 0.01 0.01 JPB7 pepB 0.01 0.01 JPD1 pepD 0.01 0.01 JPDN2 pepD, pepN 0.02 0.03 JPNDB43 pepB, pepD, pepN 0.05 0.12 JPDP49 pepD, dpp operon 0.11 0.08 JPNDDP36 pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.16 0.21 JPNDAP5 pepA, pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.28 0.26 JPNDBP7 pepB, pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.43 0.22

As can be seen from Table 3, small amounts of dipeptides were formed and accumulated by use of the microorganisms having deletions of two or less kinds of peptidase genes or one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein, whereas the amounts of dipeptides formed and accumulated were greatly increased by use of the microorganisms having deletions of one or more kinds of peptidase genes and one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein or microorganisms having deletions of three or more kinds of peptidase genes.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 18

Evaluation of Productivity of L-Alanyl-L-valine Hereinafter Referred to as L-Ala-L-Val) by Escherichia coli Strains in which Peptidase and Peptide-Permeating/Transporting Protein Activities are Lost

Similarly to Experimental Example 17, the Escherichia coli strains having deletions of genes encoding various peptidases and peptide-permeating/transporting protein were transformed using pPE56. Each of the obtained transformants was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was added to 8 ml of an aqueous medium [16 g/l dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, 14 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 5 g/l ammonium sulfate, 1 g/l citric acid (anhydrous), 0.5 g/l Casamino acid (Difco), 1 g/l L-Pro, 2.5 g/l L-Ala, 2.5 g/l L-Val, 10 g/l glucose, 10 mg/l vitamin B₁, 25 mg/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and 50 mg/l ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; pH adjusted to 7.2 with 10 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution; glucose, vitamin B₁, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate were added after separate steam sterilization] containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube in an amount of 1% and subjected to reaction at 30° C. for 24 hours. The resulting aqueous medium was centrifuged to obtain a supernatant.

The product in the culture supernatant was analyzed by the method described in Experimental Example 17. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Ala-Val Strain Deleted gene (g/l) JM101 none 0 JDPP1 dpp operon 0 JPN1 pepN 0 JPA1 pepA 0 JPB7 pepB 0 JPD1 pepD 0 JPDN2 pepD, pepN 0 JPNDB43 pepB, pepD, pepN 0.04 JPDP49 pepD, dpp operon 0.11 JPNDDP36 pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.22 JPNDBP7 pepB, pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.20

As can be seen from Table 4, the dipeptide was not produced by use of the microorganisms having deletions of two or less kinds of peptidase genes or one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein, whereas the dipeptide was produced by use of the microorganisms having deletions of three or more kinds of peptidase genes or microorganisms having deletions of one or more kinds of peptidase genes and one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 19

Evaluation of Productivity of Glycyl-L-glutamine (Hereinafter Referred to as Gly-L-Gln) by Escherichia coli Strains in which Peptidase and Dipeptide-Permeating/Transporting Protein Activities are Lost

Similarly to Experimental Example 17, the strains having deletions of various peptidase genes and an operon encoding a dipeptide-permeating/transporting protein were transformed using pPE56. Each of the obtained transformants was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours.

The resulting culture was added to 8 ml of an aqueous medium [16 g/l dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, 14 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 5 g/l ammonium sulfate, 1 g/l citric acid (anhydrous), 0.5 g/l Casamino acid (Difco), 1 g/l L-Pro, 2.5 g/l Gly, 2.5 g/l L-Gln, 10 g/l glucose, 10 mg/l vitamin B₁, 25 mg/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and 50 mg/l ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; pH adjusted to 7.2 with 10 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution; L-Gln was added after sterilization by filtration of a 10-fold conc. solution; glucose, vitamin B₁, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate were added after separate steam sterilization] containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube in an amount of 1% and subjected to reaction at 30° C. for 24 hours. The resulting aqueous medium was centrifuged to obtain a supernatant.

The product in the culture supernatant was analyzed by the method described in Experimental Example 17. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Gly-Gln Strain Deleted gene (g/l) JM101 none 0 JDPP1 dpp operon 0 JPDN2 pepD, pepN 0 JPNDB43 pepB, pepD, pepN 0.01 JPNDDP36 pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.02 JPNDBP7 pepB, pepD, pepN, dpp operon 0.03

As can be seen from Table 5, the dipeptide was not produced by use of the microorganisms having deletions of two or less kinds of peptidase genes or one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein, whereas the dipeptide was produced by use of the microorganisms having deletions of three or more kinds of peptidase genes or microorganisms having deletions of two or more kinds of peptidase genes and one operon encoding a peptide-permeating/transporting protein.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 20

Enzymatic Process for Production of Dipeptides or Dipeptide Derivatives Using Amino Acids or Amino Acid Derivatives as Substrates

A reaction mixture (0.1 ml) comprising 40 mg/l purified His-tagged recombinant enzyme obtained in Experimental Example 4, 100 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 30 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 10 mmol/l ATP and 10 mmol/l each of amino acid and amino acid derivative shown in Table 6 was prepared, and reaction was carried out at 37° C. for 2 hours.

After the completion of reaction, a termination buffer (4 mol/l urea, 100 mmol/l EDTA disodium salt) (100 times amount of the reaction mixture) was added to the reaction mixture to terminate the reaction, and the amount of ADP formed when ATP was consumed by enzymatic reaction was determined by HPLC, whereby it was confirmed that the reaction proceeded. The HPLC analysis was carried out by using Develosil C30-UG-5 (150×4.6 mm, Nomura Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as a column and a solution comprising 200 mmol/l acetic acid and 200 mmol/l triethylamine (pH 6.6) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at room temperature, and by measuring ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Amount of ADP formed Amino acid added (mmol/l) none 0.05 Ala 0.13 Ala + cyc(5)Ala 5.67 Ala + cyc(3)Ala 3.64 Ala + cyc(6)Ala 3.78 none 0.05 Ala 0.13 Phe 0.02 Ala + Phe 5.84 Cl-Ala + Phe 2.75 CN-Ala + Phe 1.11 Ala + Cl-Phe 4.78 Ala + F-Phe 4.44 Ala + p-Ni-Phe 4.42 Ala + NH2-Phe 1.89 Ala + Kynurenin 2.11 none 0.05 Ala 0.13 Glu 0.13 Ala + Glu(OMe) 2.60 Ala + Glu(OEt) 3.93 Ala + Glu(OtBu) 6.43 Ala + Glu(OBzl) 6.01 none 0.05 Ala 0.13 Asp 0.16 Ala + Asp(OMe) 0.54 Ala + Asp(OtBu) 4.42 Ala + Asp(OBzl) 3.23 none 0.05 Ala 0.13 Lys 0.17 Ala + Lys(Ac) 0.75 Ala + Lys(Boc) 3.64

Tables 6-1 to 6-5 respectively show the results of experiments using the following substrates: 6-1, L-Ala and L-Ala derivatives; 6-2, L-Ala and L-Phe derivatives; 6-3, L-Ala and L-Glu derivatives; 6-4, L-Ala and L-Asp derivatives; and 6-5, L-Ala and L-Lys derivatives. The abbreviations for the amino acids and amino acid derivatives used as the substrates are as follows.

-   Ala: L-alanine -   Phe: L-phenylalanine -   Glu: L-glutamic acid -   Asp: L-aspartic acid -   Lys: L-lysine -   Cl-Ala: β-chloro-L-alanine -   CN-Ala: β-cyano-L-alanine -   cyc(5)Ala: β-cyclopentyl-DL-alanine -   cyc(3)Ala: β-cyclopropylalanine -   cyc(6)Ala: β-cyclohexylalanine -   Cl-Phe: 4-chlorophenylalanine -   F-Phe: 4-fluorophenylalanine -   Ni-Phe: p-nitrophenylalanine -   NH₂-Phe: p-aminophenylalanine -   Phe-NH₂: phenylalanine amide -   Kynurenin: L-kynurenin -   Glu(OMe): glutamic acid-γ-methyl ester -   Glu(OEt): glutamic acid-γ-ethyl ester -   Glu(OtBu): glutamic acid-γ-t-butyl ester -   Glu(OBzl): glutamic acid-γ-benzyl ester -   Asp(OMe): aspartic acid-β-methyl ester -   Asp(OtBu): aspartic acid-β-t-butyl ester -   Asp(OBzl): aspartic acid-β-benzyl ester -   Lys(Ac): acetyllysine -   Lys(Boc): Boc-lysine

As shown in Table 6, the amounts of ADP formed in the control experiment using no substrate and the experiments respectively using L-Ala, L-Phe, L-Glu, L-Asp and L-Lys as the sole substrate were 0.02 to 0.16 mmol/l. On the other hand, as much as 0.54 to 6.43 mmol/l ADP was formed by using the combinations of amino acids and amino acid derivatives shown in Table 6.

The structural analysis of compounds that existed in the reaction mixtures obtained under reaction conditions similar to those as mentioned above was carried out by proton NMR analysis. The concentration of an amino acid or an amino acid derivative used as the substrate was 20 mmol/L in reaction mixtures 1, 4, 10 and 11, and 10 mmol/L in the remaining reaction mixtures, respectively.

The proton NMR analysis was carried out by using DMX500 manufactured by Bruker Co. under the conditions described below.

Temperature; 303K

Standard compound; 1 mmol/L 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-Propionic acid-D4 sodium salt (TSP)

Medium; light water (in the case of measuring reaction mixtures 4, 10 and 11) or heavy water (in the case of measuring the other reaction mixtures)

The structure of each of the compounds in the reaction mixtures was identified based on the Chemical shift of the proton of the a position. As the area of TSP was assumed to be an internal standard, the concentration of each of the compounds was calculated based on the area of the signal of the proton of the a position (Table 7). However, because the concentration of L-Ala-L-Ala was low, and because the signal of the proton of the a position overlapped with other signals, the concentration of L-Ala-L-Ala was calculated based on the area of the signal of the proton of the B position. The Chemical shift of the proton of the a position of each of the compounds are shown in parentheses (the unit is ppm).

-   The reaction mixture using Cl-Ala and Phe as substrates (Reaction     mixture 1) -   Cl-Ala(4.20), Phe(4.02), Cl-Ala-Phe(3.93, 4.50),     Aziridine-2-carboxylic acid [Azc](2.73), Azc-Phe(2.59, 4.47) -   The reaction mixture using CN-Ala and Phe as substrates (Reaction     mixture 2) -   CN-Ala(3.87), Phe(4.00), CN-Ala-Phe(3.71, 4.48) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Cl-Phe as substrates (Reaction     mixture 3) -   Ala(3.79), Cl-Phe(3.97), Ala-Cl-Phe(3.90, 4.43) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and NH₂-Phe as substrates (Reaction     mixture 4) -   Ala(3.78), NH₂-Phe(3.93), Ala-NH₂-Phe(3.95, 4.39), Ala-Ala(B; 1.55,     1.36) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Kinurenine as substrates     (Reaction mixture 5) -   Ala(3.79), Kinurenine(4.16), Ala-Kinurenine(3.96, 4.64) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Phe-NH₂ as substrates (Reaction     mixture 6) -   Ala(3.79), Phe-NH₂ (4.02), Ala-Phe-NH₂ (3.90, 4.60) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Glu(OMe) as substrates (Reaction     mixture 7) -   Ala(3.79), Glu(OMe)(3.76), Ala-Glu(OMe)(4.05, 4.18), Ala-Ala(B;     1.55, 1.36) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Glu(OtBu) as substrates (Reaction     mixture 8) -   Ala(3.79), Glu(OtBu)(3.76), Ala-Glu(OtBu)(4.04, 4.18) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Asp(OtBu) as substrates (Reaction     mixture 9) -   Ala(3.81), Asp(OtBu)(3.98), Ala-Asp(OtBu)(4.04, 4.46) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and Lys(Boc) as substrates (Reaction     mixture 10) -   Ala(3.78), Lys(Boc)(3.73), Ala-Lys(Boc)(4.02, 4.14) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and cyc(3)Ala as substrates (Reaction     mixture 11) -   Ala(3.78), cyc(3)Ala (3.82), Ala-cyc(3)Ala(4.08, 4.24) -   The reaction mixture using Ala and cyc(6)Ala as substrates (Reaction     mixture 12)     Ala(3.79), cyc(6)Ala (3.76), Ala-cyc(6)Ala(4.02, 4.22)

TABLE 7 Reaction mixture No dipeptide conc. (mmol/L) 1 Cl-Ala-Phe 3.5 Azc-Phe 5.3 2 Cl-Ala 8.4 (Cl-Ala)X2 overlap 3 Ala-Cl-Phe 4.3 4 Ala-NH₂-Phe 10.6 Ala-Ala 0.3 5 Ala-Kinurenine 4.0 6 Ala-Phe-NH₂ 9.7 7 Ala-Glu(OMe) 6.5 Ala-Ala 0.5 8 Ala-Glu(OtBu) 9.7 9 Ala-Asp(OtBu) 10.6 10 Ala-Lys(Boc) 6.6 11 Ala-Cyc(3)Ala 10.5 12 Ala-Cyc(6)Ala 6.6

The term “overlap” in the table means that an accurately fixed quantity could not be determined because the signals were overlapped.

It was thus revealed that a dipeptide derivative in which an amino acid and an amino acid derivative are directly linked by peptide bond can be produced using the amino acid and amino acid derivative as substrates according to the process of the present invention.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 21

Production of N-(2-(Acetylamino)propionyl]phenylalanine

L-Ala-L-Phe obtained in Experimental Example 6 (100 mg, 0.423 mmol) is suspended in methylene chloride (10 ml), and pyridine (10 ml) and acetic anhydride (1 ml, 11 mmol) are added to the suspension at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 24 hours, water is added and the resulting mixture is extracted three times with chloroform. The organic layer is washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent is distilled away under reduced pressure to obtain N-[2-(acetylamino)propionyl]phenylalanine.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 22

Production of 1-{(2-[N-((Acetylamino)acetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropionyl}piperidine

N-[2-(Acetylamino)propionyl]phenylalanine obtained in Experimental Example 21 (10 mg, 0.036 mmol) is suspended in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml), and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (14 mg, 0.073 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (15 mg, 0.11 mmol) and piperidine (40 μl, 0.40 mmol) are added to the suspension at room temperature, followed by stirring at 50° C. for 24 hours. To the reaction mixture is added water, and the resulting mixture is extracted three times with chloroform. The organic layer is washed with 10% hydrochloric acid and a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the solvent is distilled away under reduced pressure, the residue is purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 1-{(2-[N-(2-(acetylamino)propionyl)amino]-3-phenylpropionyl}piperidine.

Certain embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the following examples. These examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

In the following examples, dipeptides and amino acids were analyzed by HPLC after being derivatized by the dinitrophenol method. The HPLC analyses were carried out by using Lichrosorb-RP-18 column (Kanto Kagaku) as a separation column and 1% (v/v) phosphoric acid and 25% (v/v) acetonitrile as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min.

Analysis and Determination of ATP, ADP and AMP:

ATP, ADP and AMP were analyzed by HPLC after 400-fold dilution of the reaction mixture with a termination solution [4 mol/l urea, 100 mmol/l EDTA.2Na (pH 8.0)]. The HPLC analyses were carried out by using Develosil C30-UG-5 (150×4.6 mm, Nomura Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as a separation column and 200 mmol/l acetic acid and 200 mmol/l triethylamine (pH 6.6) as an eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and by measuring absorption at 254 nm.

EXAMPLE 1

Acquisition of Genes Encoding Thermostable ywfE Proteins

Error-prone PCR [Technique, 1, 11-15 (1989)] was carried out using, as a set of primers, DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 98 which lies upstream of the 5′ end of the DNA encoding the ywfE protein on the plasmid pQE60ywfE comprising the ywfE gene obtained in Experimental Example 4 and DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 99 which lies downstream of the 3′ end of said DNA, and as a template DNA, the plasmid pQE60ywfE. That is, PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 94° C. for 30 seconds, reaction at 57° C. for 30 seconds and reaction at 72° C. for 1 minute and 30 seconds, followed by incubation at 72° C. for 3 minutes, using 50 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the template DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc.), 5 μl of buffer for Taq DNA polymerase (10×), 200 μmol/l each of deoxyNTPs and 0.075 mmol/l manganese chloride. The amplified fragments were cleaved with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI and then recovered in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1. The recovered fragments were ligated to the vector plasmid pQE60 cleaved with restriction enzymes NcoI and BamHI to construct expression plasmids. Escherichia coli DH5α/pREP4 [strain obtained by transformation of Escherichia coli DH5α using pREP4 (Qiagen, Inc.)] was transformed using the obtained plasmids and pQE60ywfE to obtain transformants. The resulting transformants were designated as Escherichia coli DH5α/pBTS1 to pBTS5 and Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE, respectively. A plasmid was extracted from each of Escherichia coli DH5α/pBTS1 to pBTS5 according to a known method and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The nucleotide sequences of the DNAs contained in pBTS1, pBTS2, pBTS3, pBTS4 and pBTS5 are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26, respectively. The amino acid sequences encoded by the DNAs contained in pBTS1, pBTS2, pBTS3, pBTS4 and pBTS5 are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, respectively.

The proteins produced by Escherichia coli DH5α/pBTS1 to pBTS5 and Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE (abbreviated as pBTS1 to pBTS5 and pQE60ywfE in Table 8 below) were respectively purified according to the method described in Experimental Example 4. Each protein was subjected to heat treatment at 55° C. for 15 minutes and then to dipeptide-forming reaction.

The dipeptide-forming reaction was carried out by preparing a reaction mixture (0.1 ml) comprising 50 mg/l protein purified above, 100 mmol/l Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 30 mmol/l magnesium chloride and 60 mmol/l ATP, adding 30 mmol/l each of L-Ala and L-Gln thereto, and subjecting the mixture to reaction at 37° C. for one hour. The amount of L-Ala-L-Gln formed by using the heat-treated protein was measured as the residual activity (%) based on the amount of L-Ala-L-Gln formed by using the protein produced by Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE without heat treatment. The results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Strain Residual activity (%) pQE60ywfE 0 pBTS1 45 pBTS2 40 pBTS3 58 pBTS4 37 pBTS5 37

The results shown in Table 8 revealed that mutant dipeptide synthetases having enhanced thermostability compared with the wild-type ywfE protein (dipeptide synthetase) consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 were obtained.

EXAMPLE 2

Construction of Cells Producing Polyphosphate Kinase

(1) Preparation of Chromosomal DNAs of Various Bacteria

The following bacteria were respectively cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours using the following media: Escherichia coli W3110, Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (ATCC 47054) and Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124: LB medium;

Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366: ATCC medium 920 [0.1 g/l nitrilotriacetic acid, 0.06 g/l calcium sulfate dihydrate, 0.1 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.008 g/l sodium chloride, 0.103 g/l potassium nitrate, 0.689 g/l sodium nitrate, 0.111 g/l disodium hydrogenphosphate, 0.2 g/l ammonium chloride, 0.5 g/l yeast extract, 0.5 g/l glycyl-glycine, 0.5 g/l sodium sulfate, 1 ml/l trace metal solution (solution containing 0.5 ml/l conc. sulfuric acid, 2.28 g/l manganese sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5 g/l zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5 g/l boric acid, 0.025 g/l copper sulfate dihydrate, 0.025 g/l sodium molybdate dihydrate (NA₂MoO₄.2H₂O) and 0.045 g/l cobalt chloride hexahydrate) and 1 ml/l solution of ferric chloride (solution containing 0.2905 g/l FeCl₃), pH 8.2 to 8.4]; Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099 (distributed by Kazusa DNA Research Institute): a medium comprising 1 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l mannitol, 0.7 g/l dipotassium hydrogenphosphateh, 0.1 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate and 1 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (pH 7.0 to 7.2); and Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471: a medium comprising 5 g/l tryptone peptone (Difco) and 3 g/l yeast extract (Difco) (pH 7.0 to 7.2). Each of the resulting cultures was centrifuged to obtain cells.

The chromosomal DNAs were isolated and purified from the cells of the respective bacteria according to the method described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.

(2) Amplification of Genes Encoding Polyphosphate Kinase Derived from Various Bacteria

The genes encoding polyphosphate kinase (hereinafter abbreviated as ppk genes) of the bacteria of the above (1) were obtained by PCR using the respective chromosomal DNAs as a template and the following DNAs as a set of primers:

Escherichia coli W3110, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 100 and 101; Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 102 and 103; Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 104 and 105; Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 106 and 107; Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 108 and 109; Pseudomonas putida KT2440, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 110 and 111; and Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124, DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 112 and 113 or DNAs having the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 114 and 115.

PCR was carried out by 30 cycles, one cycle consisting of reaction at 98° C. for 5 seconds, reaction at 59° C. for 40 seconds and reaction at 72° C. for 2 minutes, followed by incubation at 72° C. for 2 minutes, using 50 μl of a reaction mixture comprising 0.1 μg of the chromosomal DNA, 0.5 μmol/l each of the primers, 2.5 units of Pyrobest DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc.), 5 μl of buffer for Pyrobest DNA polymerase (10×) and 200 μmol/l each of deoxyNTPs.

Each of the resulting reaction mixtures was mixed with an equal amount of phenol/chloroform saturated with TE.

The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the obtained upper layer was mixed with a two-fold volume of cold ethanol and allowed to stand at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was centrifuged, and the obtained DNA was dissolved in TE.

(3) Cloning of DNAs Encoding Polyphosphate Kinase

The DNA fragment amplified in the above (2) by using the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli W3110 as a template was digested with NcoI and BamHI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to separate a ca. 1.4 kb DNA fragment. The DNA fragment was recovered using GENECLEAN Kit and then dissolved in TE. The obtained DNA fragment and pET-28a(+) vector (Novagen) digested with NcoI and BamHI were subjected to ligation reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for one hour to obtain a recombinant DNA.

Escherichia coli TOP10 (Invitrogen) was transformed using the recombinant DNA, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of the transformant that'grew on the medium according to the method described in Molecular Biology, Third Edition, and the structure of the plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that plasmid pPK-Ec1 expressing the ppk gene derived from Escherichia coli having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 116 was obtained.

The DNA fragments amplified by using, as templates, the chromosomal DNAs of Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023, Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366, Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099, Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124 were respectively ligated to pCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen) according to the protocols of Invitrogen.

Escherichia coli TOP10 was transformed using each of the obtained recombinant DNAs, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to the method described in Molecular Biology, Third Edition. The plasmids thus obtained were respectively digested with the following restriction enzymes: plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023 and plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366, NdeI and SalI; plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099 and plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, NdeI and HindIII; plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471, NcoI and SalI; plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124 which was amplified by using the primer DNAs consisting of the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 112 and 113, NdeI and SalI; and plasmid carrying the DNA derived from Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124 which was amplified by using the primer DNAs consisting of the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 114 and 115, NdeI and BamHI. The digested DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, recovered using GENECLEAN Kit, and then dissolved in TE.

The obtained DNA fragments were ligated to pET-27b(+) vector (Novagen) digested with the above respective restriction enzymes by reaction using a ligation kit at 16° C. for one hour.

Escherichia coli TOP10 was transformed using each of the obtained recombinant DNAs, spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to the method described in Molecular Biology, Third Edition, and the structure of each plasmid was analyzed using restriction enzymes. As a result, it was confirmed that the desired ppk gene expression plasmids were obtained. The plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 117 was designated as pPK-Rs-21, the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Chloroflexus aurantiacus ATCC 29366 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 118 as pPK-Ca-2, the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 119 as pPK-M12-1, the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 120 as pPK-Sc2, the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 121 as pPK-Pp2-2, the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 122 as pPK-Sm2-1, and the plasmid expressing the ppk gene derived from Sinorhizobium meliloti ATCC 51124 having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 123 as pPK-Sm2-2. The amino acid sequences of polyphosphate kinases encoded by the DNAs consisting of the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 116 to 123 are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 124 to 131, respectively.

(4) Construction of Polyphosphate Kinase-Producing Strains

Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3) (Stratagene) was transformed using each of the expression plasmids obtained in the above (3), spread on LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin, and cultured overnight at 30° C.

A plasmid was extracted from a colony of each transformant that grew on the medium according to a known method. It was confirmed that Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3) strains carrying the expression plasmids obtained in the above (3) were obtained, and the strains were designated as Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Rs-21, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ca-2, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-M12-1, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Sc2, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Pp2-2, Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Sm2-1 and Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Sm2-2, respectively.

EXAMPLE 3

Production of Polyphosphate Kinase

The polyphosphate kinase-producing Escherichia coli transformants obtained in Example 2 were respectively cultured at 30° C. using LB medium. When OD (660 nm) reached 3.0 to 5.0, IPTG was added to the culture to give a final concentration of 2 mmol/l, and culturing was continued until OD (660 nm) reached 8.0. Each of the resulting cultures was centrifuged and the obtained cells were suspended in a reaction mixture [5 mmol/l polyphosphoric acid (Sigma, P8510), 5 mmol/l AMP, 1 mmol/l ADP, 20 mmol/l magnesium chloride, 100 mmol/l ammonium sulfate and 60 mmol/l HEPES-KOH, pH 7.2] to give a concentration of 50 g/l. The resulting suspension was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for one hour.

After the completion of the reaction, the supernatant of each reaction mixture was analyzed by HPLC as described above, whereby polyphosphoric acid-dependent ATP formation was observed in all of the reaction mixtures. It was thus confirmed that all of the transformants obtained in Example 2 produce polyphosphate kinase.

EXAMPLE 4

Production of Dipeptides by the Use of Cells as an Enzyme Source (1)

Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE obtained in Example 1, which expresses the protein having the dipeptide-forming activity and having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1obtained in Example 2, which produces polyphosphate kinase derived from Escherichia coli W3110, was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

The wet cells of Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE and the wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1 were added to a reaction mixture [100 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 50 g/l polyphosphoric acid, 100 mmol/l magnesium sulfate, 5 mmol/l ATP and 50 mmol/l each of substrate amino acids] to give concentrations of 30 g/l and 20 g/l, respectively. The resulting mixture was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for one hour. The results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Substrate L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala amino acid L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile Dipeptide L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- formed L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile Amount of 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 dipeptide formed (g/l)

The results shown in Table 9 revealed that dipeptides can be efficiently produced by coupling of ATP-consuming reaction (ADP-forming reaction) by dipeptide synthetase and ATP-regenerating reaction (reaction using ADP as a substrate) by polyphosphate kinase even in the presence of ATP in the amount as small as 5 mmol/l.

EXAMPLE 5

Production of Dipeptides by the Use of Cells as an Enzyme Source (2)

Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Rs2-1 obtained in Example 2, which produces polyphosphate kinase derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17023, was inoculated into 8 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin in a test tube, and cultured at 28° C. for 17 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated into 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and cultured at 30° C. for 3 hours. Then, IPTG was added to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/l, followed by further culturing at 30° C. for 4 hours. The resulting culture was centrifuged to obtain wet cells.

The wet cells of Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE prepared in Example 4 and the wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Rs2-1 were added to the reaction mixture described in Example 4 to give concentrations of 30 g/l and 20 g/l, respectively. The resulting mixture was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for one hour. The results are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Substrate L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala Gly amino acid L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile L-Met Dipeptide L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- Gly- formed L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile L-Met Amount of 3.0 3.2 1.1 1.2 0.2 dipeptide formed (g/l)

The results shown in Table 10 revealed that dipeptides can be further efficiently produced by using polyphosphate kinase derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

EXAMPLE 6

Production of Dipeptides by the Use of Cells as an Enzyme Source (3)

Wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 4. The wet cells were added to a 100 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) containing 50 g/l polyphosphoric acid and 100 mmol/l magnesium sulfate to give a concentration of 20 g/l, followed by heat treatment at 45° C. for one hour. After the resulting solution was cooled to 37° C., the wet cells of Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE prepared in Example 4, ATP and substrate amino acids were added thereto to give final concentrations of 30 g/l, 5 mmol/l and 200 mmol/l each, respectively. The resulting mixture was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 2 hours. As a control experiment, dipeptide-forming reaction was carried out in the same manner as above using the wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Ec1 without the heat treatment. The results are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Substrate amino acid L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile Dipeptide formed L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Met L-Leu L-Val L-Ile Amount of No heat 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 dipeptide treatment formed Heat 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.8 (g/l) treatment

The results shown in Table 11 revealed that the dipeptide production is remarkably improved by using the heat-treated cells compared with that by using the non-heat-treated cells.

EXAMPLE 7

Production of Dipeptides by the Use of Cells as an Enzyme Source (4)

The wet cells of Escherichia coli DH5α/pQE60ywfE prepared in Example 4 and the wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Rs2-1 prepared in Example 5 were added to a 100 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) containing 50 g/l polyphosphoric acid and 100 mmol/l magnesium sulfate to give concentrations of 30 g/l and 20 g/l, respectively, followed by heat treatment at 45° C. for one hour. After the resulting solution was cooled to 37° C., ATP and substrate amino acids were added thereto to give final concentrations of 5 mmol/l and 200 mmol/l each, respectively. The resulting mixture was subjected to reaction at 37° C. for 2 hours. As a control experiment, dipeptide-forming reaction was carried out in the same manner as above using the wet cells without the heat treatment as the enzyme source. The results are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Substrate amino acid L-Ala L-Ala L-Met L-Leu Dipeptide formed L-Ala- L-Ala- L-Met L-Leu Amount of No heat 2.8 3.8 dipeptide treatment formed Heat 4.5 4.2 (g/l) treatment

The results shown in Table 12 revealed that the dipeptide production is remarkably improved by using the heat-treated wet cells compared with that by using the non-heat-treated wet cells.

EXAMPLE 8

Production of Dipeptides Using Thermostabilized Dipeptide Synthetase

Wet cells of Escherichia coli DH5α/pBTS2 obtained in Example 1, which produces thermostabilized mutant dipeptide synthetase, were prepared in the same manner as in Example 4. The obtained wet cells and the wet cells of Escherichia coli BL21-Gold(DE3)/pPK-Rs2-1 prepared in Example 5 were added to a 100 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) containing 50 g/l polyphosphoric acid and 100 mmol/l magnesium sulfate to give concentrations of 30 g/l and 20 g/l, respectively, followed by heat treatment at 52° C. for 30 minutes. After the resulting solution was cooled to 37° C., ATP and substrate amino acids were added thereto to give final concentrations of 5 mmol/l and 200 mmol/l each, respectively. The resulting mixture was subjected to reaction. During the reaction, the pH was adjusted to 7.5 to 8.0 by appropriately adding 2 mol/l sodium hydroxide. The results are shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Amount of Substrate Dipeptide dipeptide Reaction time amino acid formed formed (g/l) (hour) L-Ala, L-Met L-Ala-L-Met 28.6 27 L-Ala, L-Phe L-Ala-L-Phe 8.1 27 L-Ala, L-Leu L-Ala-L-Leu 16.0 27 L-Ala, L-Val L-Ala-L-Val 15.8 27 L-Ala, I-Ile L-Ala-L-Ile 13.2 27 L-Thr, L-Met L-Thr-L-Met 8.7 19 L-Thr, L-Phe L-Thr-L-Phe 8.5 24 Gly, L-Met Gly-L-Met 13.2 27 Gly, L-Phe Gly-L-Phe 10.6 24

The results shown in Table 13 revealed that the dipeptide production is further remarkably improved by using the heat-treated cells producing thermostabilized mutant dipeptide synthetase as the enzyme source.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing a dipeptide, which comprises: allowing (i) polyphosphoric acid, (ii) a substance selected from the group consisting of adenosine-5′-monophosphate, adenosine-5′-diphosphate and adenosine-5′-triphosphate, (iii) a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture, (iv) a protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture and (v) one or more kinds of amino acids to be present in an aqueous medium; allowing said dipeptide to form and accumulate in the aqueous medium; and recovering said dipeptide from the aqueous medium, wherein the cells having the ability to produce the protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids are cells of a procaryote carrying DNA selected from the group consisting of the following [1] and [2]: [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 24 and 46; [2] DNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with DNA comprising the complement of a nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 26 and 46 at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0 mol/l followed by washing at 65° C. with 0.1 to 2×SSC solution and which encodes a protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids; wherein the one or more kinds of amino acids are a combination of (i) L-Ala and L-Gln, Gly, L-Val, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Asn, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His, L-α-AB, L-azaserine, L-Cit or L-theanine; (ii) Gly and L-Gln, Gly, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-α-AB or L-Cit; (iii) L-Met and L-Phe, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys or L-His; (iv) L-Ser and L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Tyr, L-His or L-α-AB; (v) L-Thr and L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Leu, L-Thr or L-α-AB; (vi) L-Gln and L-Phe; (vii) β-Ala and L-Phe, L-Met, L-His or L-Cit; or (viii) L-α-AB, and L-Gln, L-Arg or L-α-AB, and the procaryote is a microorganism in which the activities of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of proteins having peptide-permeating/transporting activity are reduced or lost.
 2. A process for producing a dipeptide, which comprises: allowing (i) polyphosphoric acid, (ii) a substance selected from the group consisting of adenosine 5′-monophosphate, adenosine-5′-disphosphate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate, (iii) a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture, (iv) a protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids, or a culture of cells having the ability to produce the protein or a treated matter of the culture and (v) one or more kinds of amino acids to be present in an aqueous medium; allowing said dipeptide to form and accumulate in the aqueous medium; modifying said dipeptide in the aqueous medium, or recovering said dipeptide from the aqueous medium, and then modifying thereof to form a modified dipeptide; and recovering said modified dipeptide, wherein the cells having the ability to produce the protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids are cells of a procaryote carrying DNA selected from the group consisting of the following or [1] and [2]: [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 26 and 46; [2] DNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with DNA comprising the complement of a nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 26 and 46 at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0 mol/l followed by washing at 65° C. with 0.1 to 2×SSC solution and which encodes a protein having the activity to adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependently form said dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids; wherein the one or more kinds of amino acids are a combination of (i) L-Ala and L-Gln, Gly, L-Val, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Asn, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His, L-α-AB, L-azaserine, L-Cit or L-theanine; (ii) Gly and L-Gln, Gly, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys, L-Arg, L-α-AB or L-Cit; (iii) L-Met and L-Phe, L-Met, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Cys, L-Tyr, L-Lys or L-His; (iv) L-Ser and L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Ser, L-Thr, L-Tyr, L-His or L-α-AB; (v) L-Thr and L-Gln, L-Phe, L-Leu, L-Thr or L-α-AB; (vi) L-Gln and L-Phe; (vii) β-Ala and L-Phe, L-Met, L-His or L-Cit; or (viii) L-α-AB and L-Gln, L-Arg or L-α-AB, and the procaryote is a microorganism in which the activities of one or more kinds of peptidases and one or more kinds of proteins having peptide-permeating/transporting activity are reduced or lost.
 3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cells having the ability to produce the protein having polyphosphate kinase activity are cells carrying DNA according to the following or [1] or [2]: [1] DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 116 to 123; [2] and replaced with the term “DNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with DNA comprising the complement of a nucleic acid sequence” shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 116 to 123 at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0 mol/l followed by washing at 65° C. with 0.1 to 2-fold concentrated SSC solution and which encodes a protein having polyphosphate kinase activity.
 4. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one peptidase is a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 55 to 58, or a protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 55 to 58 and having peptidase activity.
 5. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the peptide-permeating/transporting protein is a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 59 to 63, or a protein having an amino acid sequence which has 80% or more homology to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 59 to 63 and having peptide-permeating/transporting activity.
 6. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the procaryote is a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Bacillus or Corynebacterium.
 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the microorganism is Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium lactofermentum, Corynebacterium flavum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus megaterium.
 8. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the treated matter of the culture is a treated matter 1) which is selected from the group consisting of heat-treated culture, concentrated culture, dried culture, cells obtained by centrifuging the culture, products obtained by subjecting the cells to heat treatment, drying, freeze-drying, treatment with a surfactant, ultrasonication, mechanical friction, treatment with a solvent, enzymatic treatment, protein fractionation and immobilization, and an enzyme preparation obtained by extracting the cells, and 2) which has the activity to ATP-dependently form dipeptide from one or more kinds of amino acids or polyphosphate kinase activity.
 9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the culture or cells are heated-treated, said culture or cells being those in which the dipeptide-hydrolyzing enzyme activity is reduced or lost. 